TY - JOUR T1 - Voltage Imaging of Cortical Oscillations in Layer 1 with Two-Photon Microscopy JF - eneuro JO - eNeuro DO - 10.1523/ENEURO.0274-19.2020 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - ENEURO.0274-19.2020 AU - Neil Dalphin AU - Kevin Dorgans AU - Eugene Khaskin AU - Bernd Kuhn Y1 - 2020/05/01 UR - http://www.eneuro.org/content/7/3/ENEURO.0274-19.2020.abstract N2 - Membrane voltage oscillations in layer 1 (L1) of primary sensory cortices might be important indicators of cortical gain control, attentional focusing, and signal integration. However, electric field recordings are hampered by the low seal resistance of electrodes close to the brain surface. To study L1 membrane voltage oscillations, we synthesized a new voltage-sensitive dye, di1-ANNINE (anellated hemicyanine)-6plus, that can diffuse into tissue. We applied it with a new surgery, leaving the dura intact but allowing injection of large quantities of staining solution, and imaged cortical membrane potential oscillations with two-photon microscopy depth-resolved (25–100 μm below dura) in anesthetized and awake mice. We found delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–10 Hz), low beta (10–20 Hz), and low gamma (30–40 Hz) oscillations. All oscillations were stronger in awake animals. While the power of delta, theta, and low beta oscillations increased with depth, the power of low gamma was more constant throughout L1. These findings identify L1 as an important coordination hub for the dynamic binding process of neurons mediated by oscillations. ER -