DrosoPHILA: A Partnership between Scientists and Teachers That Begins in the Lab and Continues into City Schools

Abstract Here, we describe the development, structure, and effectiveness of an outreach program, DrosoPHILA, that leverages the tools of our fly neurodevelopmental research program at the University of Pennsylvania to reinforce the biology curriculum in local public schools. DrosoPHILA was developed and is sustained by a continued collaboration between members of the Bashaw lab, experienced outreach educators, and teachers in the School District of Philadelphia. Since the program’s inception, we have collaborated with 18 teachers and over 2400 students. Student outcome data indicates significant positive attitude shifts around science identity and grade-appropriate knowledge gains.


Introduction
Advances in emerging scientific fields have revolutionized STEM disciplines, creating new science-based industries and careers. In the United States, however, the demographic profile of the scientific workforce does not reflect that of the country (Segarra et al., 2020;Tilghman et al., 2021;Unguez et al., 2022). This lack of representation creates barriers to entry to potentially lucrative careers and demonstrably affects the scope and objectivity of scientific inquiry (Tilghman et al., 2021). Improving diversity in STEM will require action in many policy arenas and at every level of scientific training. Nevertheless, a career in science must begin with an interest in science.
While exposure to inquiry-based laboratory activities often awakens student interest in science, many public schools in the United States lack the resources to offer such experiences. This issue is compounded in city schools, which often serve students from low-income and historically marginalized communities who are underrepresented in the scientific workforce. For example, the School District of Philadelphia, the public school district that serves the city in which our university is located, is a 100% Title One District that provides free or reduced-price meals, a low-income indicator, to all students. In the 2021-2022 school year, 74% of students identified as African American or Hispanic (PSSA & Keystone Performance, 2022). Without a full understanding of scientific career options, only ;20% of students pursuing bachelor's degrees in the United States typically declare a STEM major (Sharkawy, 2015;Riegle-Crumb et al., 2019). Students from underrepresented groups are less likely to pursue STEM careers when they are educated in under-resourced schools with inadequate STEM preparation (Zhang and Barnett, 2015;Rotermund and Burke, 2021). This educational inequity exacerbates the existing nationwide underrepresentation in science.
We are seeing this play out in Philadelphia city schools. Many urban students traditionally score below grade level on standardized tests in science: in the 2018/19 school year, for example, 72.4% of Black students scored below grade level expectations on the state science assessment (PSSA & Keystone Performance, 2022). The biology curriculum is particularly challenging because the vocabulary is new, the content is dense, and students struggle to relate the information to their own background knowledge.
The disconnect from what students learn to its application to their daily life only widens the knowledge gap (Bouillion and Gomez, 2001). As scientists and educators, we understand that science, rather than a set of facts, is a practice. Thus, student learning itself must also be an active process that connects to problems and situations relevant to students' lives (Chaplin and Manske, 2005). A hands-on approach to the science curriculum may not only teach valuable skills that could generalize to new subjects and situations but can also spark greater student interest and motivation in science coursework (Faris, 2008;Foley and McPhee, 2008;Hurney, 2012;Swarat et al., 2012).
Members of the scientific community, including faculty and trainees at local colleges and universities, are wellpositioned to promote experiential learning at area public schools. Outreach sponsored by local colleges and universities can provide public school students with first-hand knowledge of the scientific process, reinforce learning objectives, improve science identity, and connect them to scientists in their community. We are a team of experienced outreach educators (J.R.S., E.N.) and scientists (K.M.L., E.A.W., G.J.B.) who sought to leverage the resources of the University of Pennsylvania to support Philadelphia students in becoming scientists in their own classroom.
The Bashaw lab uses Drosophila and mice as model organisms to study the genetics of neural circuit development. Our project targets students enrolled in high school biology classes as this is where Drosophila neurogenetic experiments align with state and local academic science standards. Many of the feature of flies that have made them popular research organisms (their small size, low maintenance cost, and the wide range of biological problems that they can be used to address) also make them well-suited for high school science classrooms. Indeed, several other groups, including eClose in Philadelphia (https://ecloseinstitute.org/) and the Manchester Fly Facility in the United Kingdom (droso4schools.wordpress.com) run successful outreach programming with flies Waddell et al., 2021;Hanley et al., 2022).
DrosoPHILA is our two-part high school curriculum built by teachers in the School District of Philadelphia, our local public school district, with input and support from members of our lab and experienced outreach educators. The modules in our outreach program, Flies on Ice and Roundabout We Go!, highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model organism for neurobiology research while reinforcing students' understanding of the scientific method and quantitative reasoning. Further, they create an opportunity for students to engage with science as it is practiced and for students to see themselves as scientists. By bringing teachers into the lab and scientists into the classroom, our program fosters mutual insight and understanding of the unique perspectives of students, teachers, and scientists.
Here, we describe our curriculum and key features of its development with an eye toward helping scientists interested in building similar programs related to their own research. In Philadelphia, high school biology students are expected to learn basic biology principles: the chemical basis of life, genetics, evolution, and the scientific process. DrosoPHILA embeds this material in an exploratory, real-life experience that reinforces students' understanding of the science content required at no cost to students or city schools. By partnering in our own research lab and in the classroom, we are reaching both teachers and their students.

Module lesson plans
Complete lesson plans and DrosoPHILA student workbooks are available (Extended Data 1, 2, 3, 4). For DrosoPHILA is directly supported by the National Science Foundation Grant IOS 1853719 and the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania. Work in the Bashaw lab is supported by National Institutes of Health Grants NINDS R35 NS097340 and NICHD R01 HD105946 (to G.J.B.) and K12 GM081259 (to K.M.L. and E.A.W.).
Acknowledgments: The data presented were collected anonymously from 9-12 grade students. Consent was not required. Therefore, UPenn protocol #848845, DrosoPHILA Education and Outreach, has been determined to meet eligibility criteria for IRB review exemption authorized by 45 CFR 46.104, category 1. Special thanks to Winnie Chan, Galeet Cohen, and Bob Herbstritt of the SDP and Dr. David Garbe of the Pennsylvania Society for Biomedical Research for their roles in developing the DrosoPHILA curriculum. We thank Suzanne Bachman, Theole Feulliet, Lauren Ashby, Larry Cohbra, and Christina Johnson for allowing us to pilot the DrosoPHILA curriculum in their classrooms in the 2018-2019 school year as well as to the many SDP teachers who continue to provide feedback after our visits. We also thank Dr. Andreas Prokop and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful and constructive commentary on this manuscript. We are grateful for the enthusiasm of past and current members of the Bashaw lab, including former rotation students, for this project. We are especially indebted to Kelly Sullivan, whose illustrations are featured in our workbooks and slide presentations.
K. M. Laws' present address: Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005. assistance in replication, please contact J.R.S. (jamie. shuda@pennmedicine.upenn.edu). Formalized collaboration will provide additional support to your effort, including identification of teacher collaborators, the establishment of evaluation plans for your program, and help training interested university partners.

Evaluating module effectiveness
We used a Google form to anonymously survey students before and after each module. Our surveys contained both multiple-choice questions to test student knowledge and Likert scale questions to assess students' attitudes toward science. Our question design was informed by previously published outreach survey questions (Shuda et al., 2016). For knowledge questions, we compared the percentage of students who answered a question correctly before the module to the percentage who answered it correctly after the module, evaluating statistical significance in GraphPad Prism by x 2 analysis. For Likert scale attitude questions, we compared the distribution of Likert scores before and after the modules in Microsoft Excel by Student's t test with a post hoc Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. We generated graphs in GraphPad Prism. Importantly, our relationship with the School District of Philadelphia precludes the inclusion of a control group; our goal is to provide a handson experience to as many students as possible.

Approach: a two-phase model for outreach development
Where should scientists begin when considering how to adapt their research to high school outreach programming? While there are many potential strategies, working relationships with school district teachers has been critical for the implementation and sustainability of our program. Support from the National Science Foundation allowed us to offer stipends for teachers to spend time in our lab, removing potential financial barriers to teacher participation. This project is built off the proven principles of university-school collaborations used in Project BioEYES (https://www.bioeyes.org/), an award-winning K-12 outreach program established in 2002 by Dr. Jamie Shuda and Dr. Steven Farber. BioEYES has served over 155,000 students to date and currently operates in 16 sites, including several internationally. The principles that have led to BioEYES' sustainability that have been adopted by our team include building relationships and the science competence of collaborating teachers (Shuda et al., 2019), as well as developing sustainable personnel, funding, and evaluation strategies at the university (Shuda et al., 2016). Including this outreach project as the "broader impacts" component of an NSF grant proposal secured the funding to develop the first two phases of DrosoPHILA, described below.
Phase 1. Beginning in 2014, teachers from the School District of Philadelphia conducted paid summer research in the Bashaw lab while helping to develop outreach modules (Box 1). We recruited participants through the network of teachers in the school district who had previously taken part in the Project BioEYES program. Past participation in BioEYES gave teachers an idea of what to expect of an outreach experience from our group. While in our lab, teachers contributed to an ongoing genetic screen, working side-by-side with laboratory trainees to understand the genes involved in circuit development in the Drosophila nervous system. By bringing teachers into our laboratory, we were able to draw on their expertise and familiarity with Next Generation Science Standards as well as our state-specific biology standards. Teachers have an unparalleled understanding of the subject areas where student learning could be supported with hands-on experiments. Further, as other outreach groups have noted, longterm relationships between scientists and teachers can lead to a beneficial professional exchange in which teachers are exposed to contemporary scientific contexts and scientists hone their communication skills .
Box 1. Teachers participating in DrosoPHILA comment on their involvement.
Teacher 1 (2018) "The longer a teacher is in the classroom, the more they become expert at communicating science to students and engaging them in science practices, but it comes at a cost of losing touch with contemporary science knowledge and skills. It's incredibly important and impactful to give science teachers opportunities to be in active research labs. It takes a summer of daily contact with graduate students to understand how they think about their work, solve problems, and use technology. The Bashaw lab was a place to experience the very important implications (for early brain development) of some foundational topics like genetics and signaling pathways. And it was rewarding to work on translating the lab's work into experiences for high school students that additionally allow them to interact directly with current researchers that are a lot more like them than a longgone Austrian monk." Teacher 2 (2016) "I spent a summer in the...lab and learned so many practical skills that I was able to set up my own high school Drosophila research lab where my students can design and conduct their own research experiments. My experience in the Bashaw lab has enabled me to teach research skills to my high school students at a much more sophisticated level and prepare them more fully for a career in the STEM field." Teacher 3 (2015, 2018) "As a veteran teacher, I have found that most professional development focuses on classroom management and how to differentiate lessons. While important, pedagogy is only half of teaching. The other half is content knowledge. I wanted to broaden my understanding of science and learn more about how professionals in the field discover new things in the world. With DrosoPHILA I got the opportunity to do just that. I worked alongside researchers from the...lab, as well as other district teachers, to develop curriculum that used concrete practices to bring abstract science concepts to life.
DrosoPHILA generates positive outcomes. Students get excited about the experiments and are more engaged to learn about exocytosis when it is related to the flies' inactivity on ice. They ask probing questions and connect the phenomena to experiences in their own lives. I look forward to the future, growth and implementation of DrosoPHILA throughout the School District of Philadelphia." Phase 2. As we developed modules for our outreach program with teachers, we then piloted, refined, and disseminated these lessons to city schools. At the onset of the classroom dissemination, volunteers from the Bashaw lab routinely led classroom visits for teachers who had participated in research in our lab, often accompanied by other graduate students and postdoctoral fellows as well as local outreach affiliates. To expand our program to classrooms outside of this initial cohort, we hosted a 2-d professional development program during the summer of 2018. During the event, six teachers from five different district schools visited our lab and had the opportunity to participate in each of our modules. Teachers received Act 48 credit for their participation, which allows teachers to fulfill state-specific professional development requirements through their attendance. At the end of the session, we scheduled teachers for classroom visits for the 2018-2019 school year. An expansion of our reach required additional personnel, and in the fall of 2019, with the support of the NSF and matching contributions from the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Neuroscience, we hired a designated outreach educator (E.N.), who took over organizing and leading classroom visits. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we transitioned our program online. Though we reached nearly 500 students by remote instruction, we felt that we lost the excitement and other benefits of classroom visits and hands-on experimentation, including possible benefits to outreach volunteers themselves. In the Fall of 2021, we resumed classroom visits, reaching .800 students across 21 classrooms in the 2021-2022 school year.
Phase 3. There is a potential for phase three of this project. This would entail opening the Bashaw lab summer research opportunity to new teachers so that they can learn about current research, refine the DrosoPHILA curricula, and develop additional modules for the program. To increase the reach of our program, we could also "graduate" teachers who have had Flies on Ice in their classroom for two or more years to "model teacher" status. Model teachers would continue to receive materials for the module from us but implement the lesson without classroom support from an outreach educator. Although they may still get assistance from program volunteers, the teacher will take ownership of delivering the content. The model teacher program allows the outreach educator to support new classrooms during the same week, expanding our reach despite a limited budget and a set number of school weeks per year. We are currently piloting this approach to Flies on Ice with three teachers. This has been the primary growth mechanism for Project BioEYES over the past 20 years (Shuda et al., 2016).
Modules: two experiments that use Drosophila to reinforce student learning Module 1: Flies on Ice. At the beginning of their biology coursework, students learn about the importance of the scientific method. In our first module of the school year, we provide students with an opportunity to apply the scientific method to a hands-on experiment that we call "Flies on Ice." Flies on Ice also introduces students to Drosophila as a model organism that scientists use to study nervous system development. Over the course of 3 d, students build the skills necessary to address our scientific question: how does the time flies spend anesthetized on ice affect their recovery time? On day 1, we introduce students to the concept of model organisms, and they learn why scientists have been using Drosophila as a model for over a century. Next, they receive a virtual tour of the Bashaw lab and see how practicing scientists use fruit flies to understand how the nervous system develops. Students handle vials of fruit flies and make observations about their behavior at different stages of development, learning that the nervous system is responsible for these behaviors. Finally, we lead students in a pilot experiment to help them develop a hypothesis as to how fly behavior will change when we put them "on ice." In this experiment, flies are transferred from vials containing food to empty vials. These vials are then submerged in cups filled with ice for 1 min. Upon removing the flies from the ice cup, students make observations about how fly behavior changes and discuss whether this evidence supports their initial hypotheses. On days 2 and 3, we direct students to change their scientific question, instead asking them to predict how the amount of time flies spend on ice will affect recovery time from the ice exposure. During experimentation, volunteers circle the room to discuss common observations, including that the flies appear to be dead. The experiment culminates with students graphing the average time it takes for flies to recover from different times spent on ice, then comparing their data to that collected (1) by the class and (2) over the course of our program (Fig. 1). Students observe that while the relationship between the amount of time flies spend on ice and recovery time starts out as linear, recovery time plateaus at later time points. Together, these observations provide a jumping-off point for a discussion of the scientific method and the importance of replication and specific definitions for experimental parameters. Our team also leads a conversation about how students may have reached different conclusions (e.g., bias, differences in methodology) that reinforce their classroom instruction on the scientific method.
Module 2: Roundabout We Go!. The biology curriculum in the School District of Philadelphia includes a section on transmission genetics, a subject to which we owe significant scientific debt to Drosophila research. Hands-on experimentation with flies is therefore a natural fit for reinforcing concepts introduced in this section of the curriculum. In Roundabout We Go!, students investigate the link between genes and behavior through a series of observations and experiments. On day 1, students watch videos of humans and mice with uncoordinated behavior and learn that they both have pathogenic variants in genes that control nervous system development. We discuss how gene expression guides the formation of neural circuits, which is the major focus of research in the Bashaw laboratory, and how model organisms can be used to investigate the genetics of circuit development. On day 2, students use microscopes to observe whole-mount slides of Drosophila embryos selected from crosses of parents heterozygous for recessive mutant alleles of genes that control nervous system development (namely, roundabout, slit, and commissureless, three genes studied extensively in the Bashaw lab; Fig. 2A). We select embryos to illustrate Mendelian ratios (i.e., one quarter of embryos on each slide have a mutant phenotype). Thus, in addition to understanding how flies can be used to study changes in nervous system development, this exercise is designed to reinforce student understanding of transmission genetics. On day 3, we ask students to consider how structural changes to the nervous system such as those they observed in roundabout mutant embryos may affect larval crawling. Students test their hypothesis, blinded to larval genotype, using food coloring to trace larval crawling patterns on thermal paper (Fig. 2B). We then ask students to consider how they might quantify their observations, offering up examples from primary literature (Berni, 2015;Kinold et al., 2018).
Module scaffolding and delivery. Each module is scaffolded by grade-appropriate presentations, studentdriven experimentation, and guided data analysis. Our team, which consists of an outreach educator and volunteer scientists, leads at least two 50-min class periods of instruction, which are complemented by PowerPoint presentations. We bring all the materials necessary to conduct experiments to the school, but draw on school resources when possible (e.g., when available, we use school-owned microscopes). Students receive workbooks to allow them to actively engage with the presentation and to record and reflect on their data (Extended Data 2, 4).
We ask that teachers who participate in our program schedule Flies on Ice early in the school year, when students are reviewing the scientific method, and Roundabout We Go! for the second half of the school year, after students have studied genetics. Restricting the timeframe in which we offer each module situates our lessons appropriately in the science curriculum and simplifies preparation and module delivery for our team. In between DrosoPHILA modules, the teachers are scheduled to complete the weeklong BioEYES' program. During BioEYES, students explore Mendelian genetics by mating pairs of phenotypically different zebrafish (albino and wildtype) and raising the embryos to identify if their offspring will have pigment. Students are introduced to the complexity of inheritance and how changes in gene expression can lead to observable phenotypes. This sequence of interventions is mutually reinforcing: all depend on student observations of model organism biology, and the zebrafish developmental genetics presented in BioEYES provides a strong foundation for the genetics in Roundabout We Go! Although they  40,43,40,14,12,30,5. Lesson plans for Flies on Ice are presented in Extended Data 1. B, A sample page from the Flies on Ice workbook (Extended Data 2) in which students graph their group data, then compare it to classroom and program-wide data like that described above.
were developed with Pennsylvania-specific academic standards in mind, the teacher-informed design of our modules, along with the broad use of Drosophila as a model organism, makes them suitable for school districts across the United States, as well as schools in other countries.

Results
Our program seeks to improve student science proficiency and shift student perceptions of who practices science and what that practice entails. To determine whether we achieved these goals, we surveyed students before and after module delivery using a Google form (Extended Data Table 3-1). After receiving in-person instruction from our outreach team, students had increased proficiency in several topic areas targeted by our modules (Fig. 3). For example, after participating in Flies on Ice, students were more likely to correctly identify experimental variables and interpret graphs than they were before the module (Fig. 3A,  A'). These concepts are regularly tested on state science examinations, and DrosoPHILA reinforces student understanding by allowing them to apply their knowledge to a real-life phenomenon. Similarly, following Roundabout We Go!, students demonstrated increased proficiency in Mendelian inheritance and molecular biology, two topics that are central to that module (Fig. 1B,B'). We note that in each module, several survey questions indicate a high level of understanding preintervention, suggesting that students already had strong foundations in these topics. This may explain why we do not observe knowledge gains in some topic areas, including the importance of the nervous system and how neurons communicate with each other. Indeed, because DrosoPHILA modules are aligned with the high school biology curriculum, a high starting level of subject-matter knowledge might be expected; teachers may prepare for our experiment-based visits by reviewing subject matter with their students. Regardless of the reason, the high starting subject-matter knowledge provides us with important context as we seek to improve on our existing program and develop new modules. Future studies could address knowledge gains over the course of both modules.
An equally important goal of our program is to increase our students' science identity. By connecting students to scientists in their community to perform hands-on experiments, we hope to expand their perception of who can and does practice science. We surveyed students regarding their perception of science before and after each module, ultimately capturing changes in attitudes Figure 2. Roundabout We Go!: linking nervous system morphology to behavior. A, Micrograph of 12 whole-mounted Drosophila embryos collected from a roundabout1/CyO x roundabout1/CyO cross. Embryos were stained to visualize their ventral nerve cords under bright field microscopy. One embryo is outlined with a dashed line. Asterisks indicate embryos with the roundabout1 mutant phenotype; remaining embryos have the wild-type phenotype. Anterior is up. Scale bar: 100 mm. B, Illustration of observed crawling patterns of wild-type larvae (w 1118 ; dashed blue line) and larvae lacking functional neuronal Roundabout1 (sca-Gal4.UAS-commissureless; solid orange line). Students apply diluted food dye to larvae, blinded to genotype, to compare the crawling patterns of these larvae on thermal paper. Then, students use their knowledge of nerve cord morphology to predict which larvae are mutant. Lesson plans for Roundabout We Go! are presented in Extended Data 3, and the Roundabout We Go! workbook is presented in Extended Data 4. over the course of the school year (Fig. 4). Before participating in our program, students were most likely to respond neutrally to the statements "I understand what it's like to be a scientist" and "I would consider a career in science." After our second module, a higher proportion of students indicated that they agreed with these statements, suggesting improved science identity. Similarly, students were less likely to describe science as a difficult Figure 3. Improved science proficiency after DrosoPHILA participation. A, Percentage of knowledge-based survey questions answered correctly before (gray) and after (blue) Flies on Ice. Each point represents an average from a different question, and error bars represent SD. The sample size reported inside the bar is the minimum number of students who answered the survey question. The survey questions are presented in Extended Data Table 3-1. A', Percentage of students who answered each knowledge question correctly before (gray) and after (blue) participating in Flies on Ice. ****p , 0.0001, x 2 analysis. B, Percentage of knowledgebased survey questions answered correctly before (gray) and after (purple) Roundabout We Go! Each point represents an average from a different question, and error bars represent SD. The sample size reported inside the bar is the number of students who answered the survey question. B', Percentage of students who answered each knowledge question correctly before (gray) and after (purple) participating in Roundabout We Go! **p , 0.01, ***p , 0.001, x 2 analysis. subject for them after participating in our outreach modules. Because this analysis involves long-term assessment of student attitudes, we cannot exclude the possibility that the teachers who participate in our program are particularly attuned to the issue of science identity and prioritize it in their independent activities. Nevertheless, this analysis suggests that involvement with our program correlates with increased science identity, an observation shared by Project BioEYES (Shuda et al., 2016(Shuda et al., , 2019.

Discussion
Systemic inequities in education, exacerbated by sociopolitical and historic factors, have led the United States to accumulate significant educational debt toward minority students (Ladson-Billings, 2006). This debt is particularly pronounced in urban settings like Philadelphia, where education spending per student is significantly less than in neighboring suburbs (Ladson-Billings, 2006). Outreach activities are one avenue by which well-resourced colleges and universities like our own may work to repay this educational debt in their communities. STEM outreach activities should both reinforce the learning goals of the classroom and expand students' understanding of what it means to be a scientist and who becomes scientists. While many scientists, especially at the trainee level, are eager to participate in outreach, building successful and sustainable programming requires input from many stakeholders and significant financial support. By involving teachers at the ground level of our program, we hoped to develop a system in which teachers are empowered to teach independently rather than depend on one-off visits from scientists. This structure would extend the reach of our program past our own personnel limitations. In addition to the actions of teachers, experienced outreach educators, and research scientists, our program is sustained by funding from the NSF and our lab's home department. This funding allows us to have a designated outreach educator who brings additional perspective and experience to the team. To sustain our program at its current level, we will seek to obtain funds through research and education grants and continue to meet the curriculum needs in city schools. One challenge to the long-term viability of outreach programming is the high turnover rate of the scientific workforce in Figure 4. Positive shifts in science identity over the course of a school year with our outreach program. Students were asked the same Likert scale questions regarding their attitude toward science before participating in Flies on Ice (FOI, Fall 2021) and after they completed Roundabout We Go! (RWG, Spring 2022). Lines represent the mean responses, and error bars represent SD. Bins reflect the proportion of students who responded with each number. In Fall 2021, 281 students responded to each question. In Spring 2022, 345 students responded to each question. **p , 0.01, ****p , 0.0001, Student's t test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. academia, which consists primarily of short-term trainees. Therefore, having an employee who specifically manages and teaches this program is especially important. To grow and sustain our program, expanding our model teacher program, recruiting new educators to collaborate, and maintaining a university outreach educator would be necessary.
Our reflections on our outreach program have focused on its effectiveness in improving science proficiency and identity in high school students. Several studies, however, have demonstrated a link between undergraduate student participation in outreach activities, science identity, and persistence in science (Gubbels and Vitiello, 2018;Saravanapandian et al., 2019). While little is known regarding the role of outreach participation in graduate and postdoctoral training, scientists at all career stages may relish the opportunity to connect with the wonder of younger students and hone their science communication skills. Indeed, the structure of the workforce in academic science, where research is conducted by trainees with a wide range of career goals, makes us particularly wellequipped to serve in an outreach capacity: we have firsthand knowledge of the variety of careers in science. Furthermore, trainees who participate in outreach are empowered to speak as experts in the field, an experience that may be particularly potent for scientists from minoritized groups and/or those struggling with imposter syndrome. We suspect that recognition of outreach activities as important manifestations of science identity could reaffirm a culture of community in the laboratory. In the future, we plan to expand our analysis of our program to encompass the effect of outreach participation on volunteers themselves.