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Open Source Tools and Methods, Novel Tools and Methods

MRI stereoscope: a miniature stereoscope for human neuroimaging

I. Betina Ip, Ivan Alvarez, Mike Tacon, Andrew J. Parker and Holly Bridge
eNeuro 19 January 2022, ENEURO.0382-21.2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0382-21.2021
I. Betina Ip
1Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Ivan Alvarez
1Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
2Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Mike Tacon
3Denys Wilkinson Building, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
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Andrew J. Parker
4Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
5Institut für Biologie, Otto-Von-Guericke Universität, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Holly Bridge
1Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Abstract

Stereoscopic vision enables the perception of depth. To study the brain mechanisms behind stereoscopic vision using non-invasive brain imaging (‘MRI’), scientists need to reproduce the independent views of the left and right eyes in the brain scanner using ‘dichoptic’ displays. However, high quality dichoptic displays are technically challenging and costly to implement in the MRI scanner. The novel miniature stereoscope system (‘MRI stereoscope’) is an affordable and open-source tool that displays high-quality dichoptic images inside the MRI scanner. The MRI stereoscope takes advantage of commonly used display equipment, the MRI head coil, and a display screen. To validate the MRI stereoscope, binocular disparity stimuli were presented in a 3T MRI scanner while neural activation was recorded using functional MRI in six human participants. The comparison of large binocular disparities compared to disparities close to zero evoked strong responses across dorsal and ventral extra-striate visual cortex. In contrast, binocularly anti-correlated stimuli, which are not perceived in depth, did not evoke comparable activation. These results are the proof-of-concept that the MRI stereoscope can deliver dichoptic images that produce the perception of stereoscopic depth during acquisition of MR responses. Application of the MRI stereoscope to neuroscience can help to address important questions in perception and consciousness.

Significance Statement

Independent stimulation of the left and right eye is a prerequisite to studying perception and consciousness through the binocular visual system. Yet, such ‘dichoptic’ displays are not widely used in neuroimaging due to the technical challenges of delivering high-quality dichoptic displays in the MRI scanner. We present a demonstration of a novel, miniature MRI stereoscope, produced in a mechanical workshop using commonly available materials that overcomes these challenges. Our device can accelerate research into the biological basis of binocular vision by providing a low-cost, high quality device to display dichoptic images for neuroscientific research.

  • binocular disparit
  • Dichoptic presentatio
  • mirror stereoscop
  • MRI scanne
  • open-sourc
  • visual display

Footnotes

  • Authors report no conflict of interest.

  • This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/K014382/1) and The Royal Society (Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship to IBI, University Research Fellowship to HB). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust [Grant number 203139/Z/16/Z]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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MRI stereoscope: a miniature stereoscope for human neuroimaging
I. Betina Ip, Ivan Alvarez, Mike Tacon, Andrew J. Parker, Holly Bridge
eNeuro 19 January 2022, ENEURO.0382-21.2021; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0382-21.2021

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MRI stereoscope: a miniature stereoscope for human neuroimaging
I. Betina Ip, Ivan Alvarez, Mike Tacon, Andrew J. Parker, Holly Bridge
eNeuro 19 January 2022, ENEURO.0382-21.2021; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0382-21.2021
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Keywords

  • binocular disparit
  • Dichoptic presentatio
  • mirror stereoscop
  • MRI scanne
  • open-sourc
  • visual display

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