Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of study design and analysis workflow. A, Two movie presentations (4 min, 32 s each) composed of scenes from “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” (2005) were presented to children and adult participants with a short break in between. During movie watching, MEG data were collected for each participant. We also recorded a photodiode signal registering the change in luminance at each new scene because of the white dot on the black background placed on the first five frames of each new scene. B, Scenes containing faces (51 faces per movie clip; total, 102 faces) were extracted, and the photodiode signal was used to define the 1000 ms epochs (prestimulus interval, 500 ms; poststimulus interval, 500 ms) with time at zero indicating the onset of face scenes. Subsequently, epochs were used to compute GFPm separately for children and adults. GFPm peaks were later used to define the time windows of interest. C, For each of the time windows of interest, we computed PseudoZ to assess cortical activation elicited by face scenes and intertrial phase synchronization to evaluate cortical connectivity time locked to face scene onset. D, Resulting measures were tested for significant differences between children and adult participants.
- Figure 2.
Difference in the time-locked responses to face scenes during movie watching between child and adult groups. The PLS analysis of GFPm across time points from 50 to 500 ms indicated significant group differences (p = 0.018). GFPm in adults (in green) and children (in gray) were averaged across all MEG channels and face epochs. The shadow represents the SE, and star markers illustrate time points where adults had higher GFPm values compared with children based on PLS z score threshold (z score, >2), whereas circle markers represent the opposite (z score, < −2). The rectangular shaded areas illustrate the time windows chosen for further analysis: 50−120, 120−190, 190−330, and 330−470 ms.
- Figure 3.
Spatial distribution of brain activation induced by faces during movie watching in adults and children. PseudoZ was averaged across four time windows (50−120, 120−190, 190−330, and 330−470 ms), which were defined based on the time-locked responses illustrated in Figure 1A (please note that this is a qualitative illustration, and PseudoZ values are not statistically thresholded).
- Figure 4.
Differences in PseudoZ activation elicited by faces during movie watching in adults versus children. A, PLS z score distribution during the 120−190 ms time window. B, PLS z score distribution during 190−330 ms time window. C, PLS z score distribution during the 330−470 ms time window. Areas in red correspond to the positive z score, meaning higher activation in adults compared with children. Areas in blue correspond to negative z score and represent higher activation in children compared with adults. Padj – PLS p-value adjusted for multiple comparisons.
- Figure 5.
Adults display higher intertrial synchrony compared with children while viewing faces during the 120−190 ms time window. A, Number of connections with the highest (>2, in red) or lowest (less than −2, in blue) z score across frequency bins. B, The z score distribution across connections for frequency bin with the highest number of connections with z score above the selected threshold (6.7 Hz). C, D, Connectivity matrix for adults (C) and for children (D) at the same frequency bin.
- Figure 6.
Increased intertrial synchrony in adults compared with children while viewing faces during the 190–330 ms time window. A, Number of connections with PLS z score >2 (in red) or less than −2 (in blue) across frequency bins. B, The z score distribution across connections for the frequency bin with the highest number of connections with z score above the selected threshold (5.7 Hz). C, D, Connectivity matrix for adults (C) and for children (D) in the same frequency bin.
- Figure 7.
The control analysis of GFPm, PseudoZ activation, and interregional connectivity elicited by movie scenes with hands and hands manipulations between children and adults. A, No significant differences in GFPm between children and adults (p = 0.74). GFPm in adults (in green) and children (in gray) averaged across all MEG channels and face epochs. The shadow represents the SE. B, PLS z score distribution during the 330–470 ms time window reflecting significant group differences between children and adults during hand condition (padj = 0.036). Areas in red correspond to the positive z score, meaning higher activation in adults compared with children. Areas in blue correspond to negative z score and represent higher activation in children compared with adults.
Tables
Variables Adults Children p-values Participants, n 22 20 Females/males, n 6/16 7/13 p = 0.84 Age (years) 27.7 (5.28) 9.5 (1.52) p < 0.001 Age range (years) 21–42.5 7.2–12.9 Handedness (right/left), n 19/3 19/1 p = 0.67 Head circumference 56.6 (1.9) 54.6 (1.44) p < 0.001 Epochs included in the analysis, n 102 (0.2) 100 (6.7) p = 0.16 Head movement, mm 0.7 (0.35) 1.5 (1.03) p < 0.001 Values are mean (SD), unless otherwise indicated.
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