Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Sex differences in behavioral responding during CS presentation. A, Training schematic for the Pavlovian reward size task. B, Conditioned responding for males (filled squares) and females (open circles) during Small Reward (teal) and Large Reward (purple) trials. C, Conditioned responding averaged across the first three sessions of training. D, Conditioned responding averaged across the latter three sessions of training. E, Latency to respond to the food port. F, Latency to respond averaged across the first three sessions of training. G, Latency to respond averaged across the latter three sessions of training. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
- Figure 2.
Sex differences in behavioral responding during US presentation. A, Schematic for post-US epochs: Early US (0–4.5 s); Late US (4.5–9 s). B, Average head entries made during the full 9 s post-US window for Small Reward and Large Reward trials. C, Average head entries made during the Early US for Small Reward and Large Reward trials. D, Average head entries made during the Late US for Small Reward and Large Reward trials. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
- Figure 3.
Dopamine release in the NAc during early training sessions. A, Location of voltammetry electrodes in males (black) and females (gray). B, Representative two-dimensional pseudocolor plots of the resulting current from voltage sweeps (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis) of voltammetry recordings in the NAc. C, Average dopamine signals across training sessions in males (left) and females (right). D, Average CS-evoked dopamine release across sessions. E, Average Peak US-evoked dopamine release across sessions. F, Average US AUC-evoked dopamine release across sessions. **p < 0.01.
- Figure 4.
Dopamine release in the NAc during late training sessions. A, Average of sessions 7–9 dopamine signals in males (left) and females (right). B, Average CS-evoked dopamine release. C, Average Peak US-evoked dopamine release. D, Average US AUC-evoked dopamine release. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.
- Figure 5.
Relationship between dopamine and behavioral responding. A, Relationship between CS-evoked dopamine release and conditioned responding. B, Relationship between peak US-evoked dopamine release and conditioned responding.
Extended Data
Extended Data Table 1-1
Panel B - Conditioned responding. Download Table 1-1, DOC file.
Extended Data Table 2-1
Panel B -Post US head entries. Download Table 2-1, DOC file.
Extended Data Table 3-1
Panel D - CS-evoked dopamine release. Download Table 3-1, DOC file.
Extended Data Table 4-1
Panel B - CS-evoked dopamine: Sessions 7-9. Download Table 4-1, DOC file.
Extended Data Table 5-1
Sessions 1-9 Repeated measures correlation. Download Table 5-1, DOC file.
Figure 1-1
Number of head entries across sessions. A, Total number of head entries across sessions in males (black square) and females (open circle; two-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(5,55) = 1.98, p = 0.10; sex effect: F(1,11) = 8.38, p = 0.02; interaction effect: F(5,55) = 1.25, p = 0.30). B, CS head entries across sessions (two-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(2.25,26.69) = 15.34, p < 0.0001; sex effect: F(1,11) = 12.10, p = 0.005; interaction effect: F(5,55) = 0.97, p = 0.44). C, Non-CS head entries across sessions (two-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(2.47,27.11) = 0.73, p = 0.52; sex effect: F(1,11) = 6.12, p = 0.03; interaction effect: F(5,55) = 1.59, p = 0.18). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Download Figure 1-1, TIF file.
Figure 2-1
Sex differences in behavioral responding during US presentation. A, Head entries during the 9 s postreward window averaged across the first three sessions of training (two-way mixed-effects analysis; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 15.03, p = 0.003; sex effect: F(1,11) = 11.27, p = 0.006; interaction effect: F(1,11) = 2.17, p = 0.17; post hoc Sidak’s test—sex: Small Reward: t(22) = 2.41, p < 0.05; Large Reward: t(22) = 3.67, p = 0.003; post hoc Sidak’s test—reward size: males: t(11) = 1.94, p = 0.15; females: t(11) = 3.41, p = 0.01). B, Head entries during the 9 s postreward window averaged across the latter three sessions of training (two-way mixed-effects analysis; reward size effect: F(1,22) = 7.48, p = 0.01; sex effect: F(1,22) = 17.45, p = 0.0004; interaction effect: F(1,22) = 1.44, p = 0.24; post hoc Sidak’s test—sex; Small Reward: t(22) = 2.11, p = 0.09; Large Reward: t(22) = 3.80, p = 0.002; post hoc Sidak’s test—reward size; males: t(22) = 1.24, p = 0.41; females: t(22) = 2.51, p = 0.04). C, Head entries during the Early US averaged across the first three sessions of training (two-way mixed-effects analysis; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 5.47, p = 0.04; sex effect: F(1,11) = 8.45, p = 0.01; interaction effect: F(1,11) = 5.29, p = 0.04; post hoc Sidak’s test—sex: Small Reward: t(22) = 3.57, p = 0.003; Large Reward: t(22) = 1.78, p = 0.17; post hoc Sidak’s test—reward size; males: t(11) = 0.03, p = 0.99; females: t(11) = 2.96, p = 0.03). D, Head entries during the Early US averaged across the latter three sessions of training (two-way mixed-effects analysis; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 0.27, p = 0.61; sex effect: F(1,11) = 9.67, p = 0.01; interaction effect: F(1,11) = 0.35, p = 0.57; post hoc Sidak’s test—sex; Small Reward: t(22) = 2.72, p = 0.02; Large Reward: t(22) = 1.94, p = 0.13; post hoc Sidak’s test—reward size; males: t(11) = 0.71, p = 0.99; females: t(11) = 0.71, p = 0.74). E, Head entries during the Late US averaged across the first three sessions of training (two-way mixed-effects analysis; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 27.85, p = 0.0003; sex effect: F(1,11) = 10.08, p = 0.009; interaction effect: F(1,11) = 6.86, p = 0.02; post hoc Sidak’s test—sex; Small Reward: t(22) = 1.22, p = 0.41; Large Reward: t(22) = 4.09, p = 0.001; post hoc Sidak’s test—reward size; males: t(11) = 2.14, p = 0.11; females: t(11) = 5.03, p = 0.0008). F, Head entries during the Late US averaged across the latter three sessions of training (two-way mixed-effects analysis; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 17.75, p = 0.002; sex effect: F(1,11) = 11.61, p = 0.006; interaction effect: F(1,11) = 4.22, p = 0.06; post hoc Sidak’s test—sex: small reward: t(22) = 1.26, p = 0.40; large reward: t(22) = 3.92, p = 0.002; post hoc Sidak’s test—reward size; males: t(11) = 1.74, p = 0.21; females: t(11) = 3.99, p = 0.004). *Indicates the main effect of sex or the post hoc effect of sex: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. #Indicates the post hoc effect of reward size: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001. Download Figure 2-1, TIF file.
Figure 3-1
Post-US dopamine response in Early and Late epochs. A, Average dopamine signals in first session in males (left) and females (right) depicting Early and Late epochs. B, Average Early US-evoked dopamine release across sessions (three-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(2.77,33.19) = 8.43, p = 0.0004; sex effect: F(1,30) = 3.68, p = 0.06; reward size effect: F(1,12) = 19.10, p = 0.0009; session × sex effect: F(5,30) = 4.64, p = 0.003; session × reward size effect: F(2.38,14.28) = 1.18, p = 0.34; sex × reward size effect: F(1,30) = 1.01, p = 0.32; interaction effect: F(5,30) = 1.22, p = 0.33). C, Average Late US-evoked dopamine release across sessions (three-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(1.80,21.56) = 2.04, p = 0.16; sex effect: F(1,30) = 9.49, p = 0.004; reward size effect: F(1,12) = 15.32, p = 0.002; session × sex effect: F(5,30) = 6.46, p = 0.0003; session × reward size effect: F(1.77,10.62) = 0.58, p = 0.56; sex × reward size effect: F(1,30) = 0.01, p = 0.93; interaction effect: F(5,30) = 1.62, p = 0.18). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Download Figure 3-1, TIF file.
Figure 3-2
Single-phase decay analysis on US dopamine response. A, Average US-evoked dopamine signals normalized to the peak dopamine response in Small Reward trials during the first session in males and females. B, Decay plateau (unpaired t test; t(9) = 2.65, p = 0.03). C, Decay rate (unpaired t test; t(9) = 0.92, p = 0.38). *p < 0.05. Download Figure 3-2, TIF file.
Figure 4-1
Behavioral responding during sessions 7–9. A, Conditioned responding (three-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(1.99,21.95) = 0.42, p = 0.66; sex effect: F(1,18) = 5.56, p = 0.03; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 0.11 p = 0.74; session × sex effect: F(2,18) = 0.33, p = 0.72; session × reward size effect: F(1.76,15.87) = 0.23, p = 0.77; sex × reward size effect: F(1,18) = 0.13, p = 0.72; interaction effect: F(2,18) = 0.13, p = 0.88). B, Latency to respond (three-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(1.68,18.46) = 1.00, p = 0.37; sex effect: F(1,11) = 1.68, p = 0.84; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 0.04 p = 0.84; session × sex effect: F(2,18) = 0.07, p = 0.94; session × reward size effect: F(1.83,16.43) = 1.61, p = 0.23; sex × reward size effect: F(1,18) = 0.003, p = 0.95; interaction effect: F(2,18) = 1.51, p = 0.25). C, Post-US head entries (three-way mixed-effects analysis; session effect: F(1.52,16.67) = 0.86, p = 0.41; sex effect: F(1,18) = 14.62, p = 0.001; reward size effect: F(1,11) = 5.82 p = 0.03; session × sex effect: F(2,18) = 1.46, p = 0.26; session × reward size effect: F(1.25,11.20) = 0.93, p = 0.38; sex × reward size effect: F(1,18) = 1.93, p = 0.18; interaction effect: F(2,18) = 0.17, p = 0.84). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Download Figure 4-1, TIF file.
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