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Research ArticleResearch Article: Confirmation, History, Teaching, and Public Awareness

Perceptual Fading of a Stabilized Cortical Image: Replication in the Undergraduate Classroom

Nicole B. Massa, Jacob H. Deck and Michael A. Grubb
eNeuro 16 September 2021, 8 (5) ENEURO.0323-21.2021; https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0323-21.2021
Nicole B. Massa
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106
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Jacob H. Deck
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106
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Michael A. Grubb
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106
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Figures

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  • Extended Data
  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Blakemore et al. (1971) replication procedure. The adaptation condition began with 180 s of adaptation. Between each trial was a pause of 10 s, during which a high contrast grating was presented at the upper location in the adaptation condition; no such grating was shown between trials in the control condition. The contrast of the upper grating was randomly determined on each trial; 20 contrast matches were made for each contrast level within each condition. ISI, inter-stimulus interval.

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    Figure 2.

    Active learning exercise procedure. The adaptation condition began with 180 s of adaptation. Between each trial was a pause of 10 s, during which a high contrast grating was presented at the upper location in the adaptation condition; no such grating was shown between trials in the control condition. The contrast of the upper grating was randomly determined on each trial; 10 contrast matches were made for each contrast level within each condition. ISI, inter-stimulus interval.

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    Figure 3.

    Sliding scale. A visual representation of the change to the sliding scale (top numbers, contrast levels; bottom numbers, position values). At a random position value, the logarithmic scale was cut. The contrast of 0.1, which corresponded to the cut position value became the beginning of the sliding scale. All contrasts before this cut were added to the end of the scale.

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    Figure 4.

    Blakemore et al. (1971) replication results. Perceived contrast as a function of physical contrast. Each point represents the average of 20 matches (open triangles, control condition; red triangles, adaptation condition). Error bars, standard error of the mean.

  • Figure 5.
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    Figure 5.

    Active learning exercise results. Perceived contrast as a function of physical contrast for two example observers. Each point represents the average of ten matches (black dots, control condition; red dots, adaptation condition).

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    Figure 6.

    Active learning exercise handout. Experiment code and download instructions available as Extended Data 1.

Tables

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    Table 1

    Statistical summary

    Data structureType of testPower
    Normal distributionLinear mixed effects model95% CIs
    • View popup
    Table 2

    Simple linear models

    Model
    information
    Number of
    observations
    Error degrees
    of freedom
    Root mean
    squared error
    R2Adjusted
    R2
    F statistic vs
    constant model
    p value
    Control condition22200.08530.9940.9943.61E + 034.52E-24
    Adaptation condition12100.1370.9780.9764451.27E-09
    Estimated coefficientsEstimateSE95% CIt statisticsp value
    Control condition
     Intercept−0.078420.039006[−0.1598, 0.0029]−2.01050.05806
     log(upperContrast)0.971740.016167[0.9380, 1.0055]60.1064.5188E-24
    Adaptation condition
     Intercept−0.0398060.090256[−0.2409, 0.1613]−0.441040.66857
     log(upperContrast)1.37460.065132[1.2295, 1.5197]21.1051.2679E-09
    • Full results. Data and analysis code are available as Extended Data 1. SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; DF, degrees of freedom.

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    Table 3

    Contrast match data

    Upper contrastObserver 1 contrast matchesObserver 2 contrast matches
    Control
    condition
    Adaptation
    condition
    Control
    condition
    Adaptation
    condition
    0.02000.0248(0.0046)0.0198(0.0064)
    0.02850.0316(0.0081)0.0249(0.0074)
    0.04070.0438(0.0137)0.0382(0.0124)
    0.05810.0618(0.0136)0.0610(0.0174)
    0.08290.0839(0.0230)0.0707(0.0238)
    0.11830.1105(0.0198)0.0622(0.0264)0.1061(0.0249)0.0585(0.0324)
    0.16880.1614(0.0422)0.0775(0.0314)0.1734(0.0512)0.0641(0.0245)
    0.24090.2251(0.0536)0.1457(0.0461)0.2510(0.0399)0.1247(0.044)
    0.34380.3088(0.0438)0.2013(0.0718)0.3186(0.0438)0.2059(0.0531)
    0.49060.4746(0.0535)0.3906(0.1204)0.4467(0.0563)0.3563(0.0579)
    0.70000.7282(0.0601)0.6866(0.0798)0.6638(0.1069)0.5698(0.1082)
    • Each observer’s mean (SD in parentheses) of 20 matches for each upper contrast in the control and adaptation conditions.

    • View popup
    Table 4

    Linear mixed effects model

    Model
    information
    Number of
    observations
    Fixed effects
    coefficients
    Random effects
    coefficients
    Covariance
    parameters
    680422
    Model fit statisticsAICBICLogLikelihoodDeviance
    250.85277.98−119.42238.85
    EffectEstimateSE95% CIt statisticsDFp value
    Fixed effects
     Intercept−0.0840.042[−0.167, −0.002]−2.00196760.045699
     Condition (0 = control, 1 = adaptation)0.0520.052[−0.049, 0.153]1.00366760.31595
     log(upperContrast)0.9820.012[0.958, 1.006]80.5236760
     Condition:log(upperContrast)0.4430.033[0.378, 0.507]13.4536761.0013E-36
    Random effects
    ID0.0424[0.013955, 0.12908]
    Error0.2875[0.27262, 0.30324]
    • Full results. Data and analysis code are available as Extended Data 1.

Extended Data

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Extended Data 1

    Replication analysis code and data. Download Extended Data 1, ZIP file.

  • Extended Data 2

    Active learning exercise code and instructions. Download Extended Data 2, ZIP file.

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eneuro: 8 (5)
eNeuro
Vol. 8, Issue 5
September/October 2021
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Perceptual Fading of a Stabilized Cortical Image: Replication in the Undergraduate Classroom
Nicole B. Massa, Jacob H. Deck, Michael A. Grubb
eNeuro 16 September 2021, 8 (5) ENEURO.0323-21.2021; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0323-21.2021

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Perceptual Fading of a Stabilized Cortical Image: Replication in the Undergraduate Classroom
Nicole B. Massa, Jacob H. Deck, Michael A. Grubb
eNeuro 16 September 2021, 8 (5) ENEURO.0323-21.2021; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0323-21.2021
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Keywords

  • active learning
  • adaptation
  • contrast
  • undergraduate teaching

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