Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Database overview. A, Number of monkeys providing between 1 and 13 individual samples. B, Number of samples obtained at different age. C, Number of samples from monkeys without cranial implant and before start of laboratory procedures (baseline), during first three years after implantation (≤3 years), and at later times (>3 years). D, Number of samples taken during laboratory and non-laboratory periods. Non-laboratory periods are periods in-between blocks of laboratory work; “Non-lab short” indicates samples taken after 3–10 d of free access to fluid and food; “Non-lab long” indicates samples drawn after >10 d of free access. E, Number of samples from anesthetized and awake monkeys. White numbers in C–E indicate the number of individual monkeys contributing to the data. F, Statistical distribution of single red blood cell samples as function of monkey age, estimated over entire database. Colored lines correspond to samples from individual animals. Bold black line indicates mean over all monkeys per age. Gray-shaded area indicates 1 SD per age. Horizontal histogram indicates percentage of samples per age, vertical histogram indicates percentage of samples in terms of SD. G, Distribution of red blood cell counts over all samples. T/l: 1012 cells/l. H, Comparison of red blood cell counts to corresponding reports from the literature. Labeling of x-axis (SC68, …, KL19) refers to Stanley and Cramer (1968), Rosenblum and Coulston (1981), Kessler and Rawlins (1983), Bennett et al. (1992), Fernie et al. (1994), Buchl and Howard (1997), Hom et al. (1999), Smucny et al. (2001), Andrade et al. (2004), Chen et al. (2009), Didier et al. (2012), Koo et al. (2019), and Yu et al. (2019), in that order. “Own” refers to data from present study, as shown in G. Signs on top of error bars indicate number and gender of animals, signs below error bars indicate age. Error bars indicate SD, with the exception of FA94, which represent data range (indicated by gray color of error bar).
- Figure 2.
γ Globulin and leukocyte levels as markers of chronic inflammatory responses. A, Mean γ globulin and leukocytes before and 6–18 months after implantation of a head cap, for leukocytes also compared with literature values (compare Fig. 1). Samples before and after implantation were taken from the same animals (N = 11). Error bars for own data represent SD, error bars for literature values represent the range between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of published means. G/l: 109 cells/L. B, Percentage of the different leukocyte fractions before and after implantation, compared with literature. Error bars as in A. C, γ globulin and leukocyte levels for up to 11 years after implantation, expressed as mean deviation from overall mean and recalculated to the SD of baseline values before implantation (shown by blue bars in A). Shading represents SEM; histograms indicate number of individual samples per year (top) and SD (right).
- Figure 3.
Blood parameters indicative of kidney function and osmolarity during periods of free and limited water supply. A, Barplots show mean values of seven key parameters during baseline, holidays, and training, compared with literature values (right-most bars). n.s., not significant; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Error bars indicate ±1 SD. Numbers in bars provide the N of monkeys contributing to the data or the N of research papers contributing to literature values. B, Parameters of the training group, subdivided into early (≤3 years after implantation) and late (>3 years after implantation) samples, expressed as fractions of baseline SD.
- Figure 4.
N/L ratio (left y-axis) during periods of holidays and laboratory periods of N = 11 monkeys (colored lines), expressed as fractions of baseline SD (right y-axis). Per monkey, baseline, holiday, and laboratory periods are represented by means whenever more than one sample was available.
- Figure 5.
Summary of score sheets. A, Score sheets with at least one scored attribute as ratio of all score sheets (lower left) and as ratio of score sheets with one (+) to three (+++) SPs per attribute (upper right). B, Ratio of scores for individual attributes. Note that total N was different among attributes (because not always could a monkey been scored regarding all attributes). C, Ratio-to-mild rtm for all score sheets with a sum >0 points (N = 209), aligned to date of implantation. Dashed line indicates transition from “no complaint on healthiness” to “mildly disturbed healthiness” at rtm = 1. Colors indicate different monkeys. D, Total number of score sheets per year, before and after implantation. Red line indicates mean rtm per year (right y-axis). Dashed red line indicates weighted linear regression over mean rtm after implantation and start of laboratory work (slope <10−5, p = 0.997). Inset shows sheets with score sum >0 as ratio of total score sheets before and after implantation and start of laboratory procedures; ***p < 0.001.
Tables
Attribute – + ++ +++ Coat Smooth, shiny Rough, duff, protruding Like + with gluing Like ++ with loss of space Skin Smooth, physiological color Dry, rough, scaly Cracked, barked Lesions Orifices Clean, dry Light secretions Soiling Lesions Nutritional status Good Moderate Skinny, fat Atrophy, obese Mucosal membrane Pale, pinkish red Red Washed out Pale, cyanotic, yellow Behavior at rest Relaxed Tense Trembling Nervous, anxious Behavior in motion Coordinated, fluent Uncoordinated Clear lameness and/or ataxia Highly disturbed Solitary behavior Inconspicuous Unphysiological repetitions/apathy Stereotypical Ethopathological Social behavior Cheerful, active Passive, inhibited Permanently threatened Permanently aggressive/defensive Behavior in presence of observer Attentive Indifferent Angry, aggressive Attempt to escape/massive attack Behavior in presence of staff Attentive Indifferent Angry, aggressive Attempt to escape/massive attack – equaled 0 SPs; +, ++, and +++ equaled 1, 2, and 3 SPs, respectively. A total of 4 SPs indicated slightly disturbed healthiness.
Param Unit Group 1
(baseline)Group 2
(implant ≤3 years)Group 3
(implant >3 years)KW Paired
tests (groups)Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD N 1–2 1–3 2–3 Hemogram Leukocytes G/l 8.38 2.6 20 9.62 2.95 25 10.19 3.66 27 n.s. - - - Erythrocytes T/l 5.56 0.44 19 5.54 0.41 25 5.73 0.44 27 n.s. - - - Hemoglobin g/l 131.71 7.49 20 131.46 9.8 25 135.55 12 27 n.s. - - - Hematocrit % 40.86 2.81 20 41.85 2.82 25 42.81 3.94 27 n.s. - - - MCV fl 73.95 4.29 19 75.64 4.3 25 74.89 4.81 27 n.s. - - - MCH pg 23.96 1.46 19 24.1 1.21 25 23.75 1.61 27 n.s. - - - MCHC g/dl 32.45 1.25 19 31.83 1.04 25 31.74 0.99 27 n.s. - - - Thrombocytes G/l 369.76 76.29 19 354.43 77.13 25 354.17 101.16 27 n.s. - - - Differential Basophils % 0.11 0.31 20 0 0 25 0.07 0.21 27 n.s. - - - Eosinophils % 1.38 1.43 20 1.65 1.34 25 1.45 0.99 27 n.s. - - - Lymphocytes % 45.53 18.33 20 39.61 13.69 25 34.02 14.24 27 n.s. - - - Monocytes % 3.41 2.6 20 3.6 1.77 25 4.36 2.26 27 n.s. - - - Neutrophils % 45.82 21.4 20 54.63 13.56 25 57.59 18.8 27 n.s. - - - T3 μg/l 1.82 0.43 18 2.15 0.63 24 1.82 0.59 25 n.s. - - - D3 nmol/l 171.01 48.96 16 156 75.16 23 147.42 44.23 23 n.s. - - - Electrophoresis Albumin g/l 44.7 2.86 5 44.23 2.2 5 44.13 4.32 17 n.s. - - - α1-globulin g/l 2.67 0.41 6 2.47 0.32 6 2.66 0.64 17 n.s. - - - α2-globulin g/l 8 2 6 8.94 2.46 6 9.17 1.73 17 n.s. - - - β-globulin g/l 7.75 2.52 6 8.62 1.89 6 10.13 1.82 17 n.s. - - - γ-globulin g/l 7.58 3.64 6 6.81 3.23 6 10.04 2.45 17 n.s. - - - Chloride mmol/l 108.32 1.98 17 106.6 2.9 24 107.49 2.64 26 n.s. - - - Iron μmol/l 25.21 6.57 19 24.04 5.75 25 23.96 12.02 27 n.s. - - - Geriatric profile T4 μg/dl 4.44 1.25 18 4.43 1.31 24 4.87 1.28 26 n.s. - - - Kidney Urea mg/dl 21.97 6.89 18 19.67 5.56 25 18.03 5.53 26 n.s. - - - Creatinine μmol/l 69.4 17.81 20 77.69 12.65 25 82.46 14.56 27 n.s. - - - Total protein g/l 69.76 8.6 20 75.53 6.36 25 75.25 14.74 27 n.s. - - - Sodium mmol/l 149.07 2.92 19 147.16 3.59 25 148.71 3.31 27 n.s. - - - Potassium mmol/l 3.91 0.27 19 3.98 0.35 25 3.96 0.45 27 n.s. - - - Phosphates mmol/l 1.56 0.35 19 1.44 0.33 25 1.32 0.29 27 n.s. - - - Liver Bilirubin μmol/l 2.69 0.78 20 2.9 1.08 25 3.2 1.23 27 n.s. - - - ALT U/l 84.27 88.26 19 63.75 41.24 25 80.67 104.23 27 n.s. - - - AP U/l 420.52 204.04 19 339.6 208.56 25 216.23 81.65 27 ** n.s. *** ** γ-GT U/l 75.47 27.08 19 68.39 22.04 25 60.16 23.5 27 n.s. - - - AST U/l 43.92 17.04 19 38.15 24.1 25 31.17 14.2 27 n.s. - - - GLDH U/l 38.58 46.8 19 20.75 13.24 25 36.7 53.69 27 n.s. - - - Serum albumin g/l 43.06 7.37 19 44.07 4.29 25 40.22 8.02 27 n.s. - - - Pancreas Glucose mmol/l 4.82 1.34 20 4.38 1.06 25 4.66 1.34 27 n.s. - - - α-Amylase U/l 468.11 105.71 19 495.52 119.96 25 461.74 144.65 27 n.s. - - - Lipase U/l 22.34 6.72 18 18.55 3.47 25 20.18 7.36 27 n.s. - - - Cholesterol mmol/l 3.57 1.06 20 3.26 0.52 25 3.54 0.77 27 n.s. - - - Muscle CK U/l 174.02 74.57 19 200.53 208.21 25 167.36 119.89 27 n.s. - - - LDH U/l 402.31 146.41 19 266.37 92.61 25 260.89 79.26 27 * *** *** n.s. Calcium mmol/l 2.41 0.11 19 2.43 0.14 25 2.47 0.14 27 n.s. - - - Magnesium mmol/l 0.74 0.07 19 0.72 0.09 25 0.78 0.08 27 n.s. - - - Triglycerides mmol/l 0.65 1.18 19 0.63 0.38 25 1.03 0.49 27 *** * *** ** Mean values, SD, and number of samples N are given separately for time periods before implantation and start of laboratory procedures (baseline, group 1), during the first three years after implantation and start of laboratory procedures (group 2), and later times (group 3). Column KW provides results of Kruskal–Wallis tests; p values were adjusted to conform to a FDR of 10%. Column paired tests indicates results of post hoc tests when Kruskal–Wallis tests rejected the null hypothesis of equal means. n.s., not significant; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. U/l, units/l; G/L, 109 U/l; T/l, 1012 U/l.
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