Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A, Experimental setup showing the hand posture of participants during the experiment. During the experiment, participants were asked to match the isometric wrist flexion and wrist extension force 0–50% of MVC effort using their right arm with real-time visual feedback of force displayed on a monitor. B, Experiment consisted of wrist flexion and wrist extension conditions, which were randomized between participants and separated by 5-min rest. Each condition consisted of 11 blocks and each target force [0% (rest), 5%, 10%, …, 45%, or 50% MVC] was randomly set to each block with at least 3-min rest between blocks. Each block consisted of eight trials.
- Figure 2.
Group data for background EMG activity of the (A) ES, (B) RA, and (C) TA muscles during 0% (rest) to 50% of MVC effort of wrist flexion and wrist extension. The lines and cross marks in the box plots indicate median and mean values, respectively. The ends of the boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles. The whiskers on the boxplot illustrate the minimum and maximum values. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared with 0% MVC (rest). n.s., non-significant; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
- Figure 3.
A–C, Wrist flexion condition: averaged MEPs in the ES, RA, and TA muscles of one representative subject during 0% MVC (rest: gray traces) and 5–25% MVC (remote effect: blue traces). Box plots show group data for MEPs elicited in the ES, RA, and TA muscles. D–F, Wrist extension condition: averaged MEPs in the ES, RA, and TA muscles of one representative subject during 0% MVC (rest: gray traces) and 5–25% MVC (remote effect: red traces). Box plots show group data for MEPs elicited in the ES, RA, and TA muscles. All MEP amplitudes were normalized with respect to the MEP amplitude at 0% MVC (rest) for each participant. The lines and cross marks in the box plots indicate median and mean values, respectively. The ends of the boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles. The whiskers on the boxplot illustrate the minimum and maximum values. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared with 0% MVC (rest). Hashtags indicate differences between 5% and 25% MVC of wrist extension; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; # and dashed line p < 0.10, # and solid line p < 0.05.
- Figure 4.
A, B, Wrist flexion condition: averaged MEPs in the RA and TA muscles of one representative subject during 0% MVC (rest: gray traces) and 30–50% MVC (remote effect: blue traces). Box plots show group data for MEPs elicited in the RA and TA muscles. C, D, Wrist extension condition: averaged MEPs in the RA and TA muscles of one representative subject during 0% MVC (rest: gray traces) and 5–25% MVC (remote effect: red traces). Box plots show group data for MEPs elicited in the RA and TA muscles. All MEP amplitudes were normalized with respect to the MEP amplitude at 0% MVC (rest) for each participant. The lines and cross marks in the box plots indicate median and mean values, respectively. The ends of the boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles. The whiskers on the boxplot illustrate the minimum and maximum values. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared with 0% MVC (rest). Hashtags indicate significant differences between 30% and 50% MVC of wrist extension; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; # and solid line p < 0.05.
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