Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Prisma flow diagram.
- Figure 2.
Descriptive analysis of common EE use in research. a, Picture of a classic EE cage set-up for rodents. b, Proportion per 100,000 citations of PubMed articles returned when searching “environmental enrichment.” Graph depicts articles published between 1998 and 2019. It includes both primary and secondary sources (an update from Simpson and Kelly, 2011). Graphs depict the (c) general species and settings and (d) primary sex studied using EE between January 2013 and September 2018. The selected articles used in this study are primarily from the areas of neuroscience and animal welfare (Extended Data Figs. 2-1, 2-2).
- Figure 3.
Descriptive analysis of common EE methodology. All descriptive data are from rat and mice studies where animals are housed in a classic EE design. Data outline the (a) frequency of types of EE devices used, in addition to the percentage of EE studies using (b) running wheels, or a particular (c) age of EE onset, (d) duration of EE housing, and general/social structure of (e) EE and (f) control groups. Data derived from a total of 681 research articles published between January 2013 and September 2018.
- Figure 4.
“Coefficients of variation” for all studies where control and EE mice or rats were directly compared. All data presented as the overall trait variance and further separated into subcategories of behavior and physiology as well as seven specific trait measures for (a, c) naive/untreated and (b, d) treated/manipulated animals (mean ± SEM). Each data point represents a single control or EE measure from a single experiment along with the mean for each respective trait. Coefficient of variance was calculated as the standard deviation divided by the mean for each data point. e, Histogram of distribution of CV ratios (EE CV/EE CV + control CV) collapsed across naive and treated/manipulated mice and rats. To determine whether the variance from the mean was normally distributed for the different traits, we evaluated the CV ratios (p values from Extended Data Figs. 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26). A value of 0.5 (black dotted line) indicates that EE and control animals are similar. Values to the right suggest that EE animals are more variable than controls.
Tables
- Table 1
Environmental enrichment reporting guidelines checklist. The recommended use of this reporting form is to fill it out and include it as supplemental material for each of your laboratory’s environmental enrichment research publications. This document can also be used as a guide for including details of cage enrichment for studies using only standard laboratory housing. If there are difficulties using/adapting this form, please contact one of the corresponding authors to request a copy.
Reporting item Description EE cage size (L × W × H) in cm Control cage size (L × W × H) in cm Material of EE cages Material of control cages Type of EE caging system (e.g., open top/individually ventilated) Type of control caging system (e.g., open top/individually ventilated) Number and sex of animals housed in each EE cage Number and sex of animals housed in each control cage Enrichment devices (e.g., toys, shelters, ramps, running wheels, perches, or different levels/shelves) in EE cages.What type of materials were the devices made of (e.g., wood, plastic, are they manufactured/artificial, or are the natural stimuli?). How many enrichment devices were typically in the cage? Enrichment devices (e.g., toys, shelters, ramps, running wheels, perches, or different levels/shelves) in control cages. What type of materials were the devices made of (e.g., wood, plastic, are they manufactured/artificial, or are the natural stimuli?). How many enrichment devices were typically in the cage? How frequently were enrichment devices changed in EE cages? How frequently were enrichment devices changed in control cages? Bedding type and other nesting materials in EE cages Bedding type and other nesting materials in control cages Age of animals when placed into EE housing Duration housed in EE cages Frequency of cage cleanings for EE animals Frequency of cage cleanings for control animals Were EE and control animals housed in the same room or in a different one? Specific number of EE and control animals used for each measure reported Other notes/comments (e.g., other types of enrichment given, for example, music/sounds in animal holding room, food treats)
Extended Data Figure 2-1
List of PubMed references used. Download Figure 2-1, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 2-2
List of EMBASE references used. Download Figure 2-2, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-1
Pairwise comparisons for naive controls and naive enriched rats and mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. Download Figure 4-1, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-2
Pairwise comparisons for treated/manipulated controls and treated/manipulated enriched rats and mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. Download Figure 4-2, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-3
Pairwise comparisons for naive controls and naive enriched rats and mice by each individual trait. Download Figure 4-3, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-4
Pairwise comparisons for treated/manipulated controls and treated/manipulated enriched rats and mice by each individual trait. Download Figure 4-4, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-5
Pairwise comparisons for naive control and naive enriched rats in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. Download Figure 4-5, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-6
Pairwise comparisons for treated/manipulated control and treated/manipulated enriched rats in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. Download Figure 4-6, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-7
Pairwise comparisons for naive controls and naive enriched rats by each individual trait. Download Figure 4-7, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-8
Pairwise comparisons for treated/manipulated controls and treated/manipulated enriched rats by each individual trait. Download Figure 4-8, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-9
Pairwise comparisons for naive controls and naive enriched mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. Download Figure 4-9, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-10
Pairwise comparisons for treated/manipulated controls and treated/manipulated enriched mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. Download Figure 4-10, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-11
Pairwise comparisons for naive controls and naive enriched mice by each individual trait. Download Figure 4-11, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-12
Pairwise comparisons for treated/manipulated controls and treated/manipulated enriched mice by each individual trait. Download Figure 4-12, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-13
Two-way ANOVAs comparing multiple traits (all behavior, physiology, anatomy) by housing condition (EE, standard housing) for the independent variable CV. Data presented for both rats and mice combined and separately. Download Figure 4-13, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-14
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE rats and mice combined with treated/manipulated controls and treated/manipulated EE rats and mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-14, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-15
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE rats and mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-15, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-16
CV distributions for treated/manipulated standard housed (controls) and treated/manipulated EE rats and mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-16, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-17
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE rats and mice by each individual trait. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-17, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-18
CV distributions for treated/manipulated standard housed (controls) and treated/manipulated EE rats and mice by each individual trait. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-18, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-19
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE rats in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-19, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-20
CV distributions for treated/manipulated standard housed (controls) and treated/manipulated EE rats in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-20, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-21
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE rats by each individual trait. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-21, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-22
CV distributions for treated/manipulated standard housed (controls) and treated/manipulated EE rats by each individual trait. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-22, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-23
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-23, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-24
CV distributions for treated/manipulated standard housed (controls) and treated/manipulated EE mice in which all behavior, physiology, and anatomy traits are combined. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-24, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-25
CV distributions for naive standard housed (controls) and naive EE mice by each individual trait. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-25, DOCX file.
Extended Data Figure 4-26
CV distributions for treated/manipulated standard housed (controls) and treated/manipulated EE mice by each individual trait. CV ratios were used to determine whether the distribution of variation differed by environmental complexity. Calculated EE to control ratios of CV = [(CVEE)/(CVEE + CVcontrol)]. CV ratios tested as a function of housing complexity against the theoretical mean of 0.5 by a one-sample t test. Download Figure 4-26, DOCX file.
In this issue
