Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Trial schematics and behavior in motor and fixation blocks. A, B, Schematics of the eye movement (A) and fixation (B) trials. Arrows show the direction of target motion, circle represents the target before motion onset, and squares represent the fixation target. C, Average eye movement in the learned direction on the first trial of learning (dashed gray trace) and postlearning trials (50th to 100th trial) averaged across all motor blocks (black). D, E, Average eye movement in the learned (D) and base (E) directions at the end of washout blocks (25 last eye movement trials, dashed gray) and after learning on motor blocks (50th to 100th trial averaged across all motor blocks, solid black) and fixation blocks (5th to 10th eye movement trials averaged across all congruent fixation blocks, solid gray). In all traces, shadowing represents SEM. Vertical dashed lines show the time of the change of direction (250 ms) and end of target motion (650 ms).
- Figure 2.
Learning from observation is not driven solely by infrequent eye movement trials. A, Schematics represent the direction change epoch in the different experimental conditions. Left, Eye movement trials with change in direction. Middle, Congruent trial-fixation trial with directional change. Right, Incongruent trial-fixation trial without directional change. B, Average learned eye velocity as a function of time from motion onset for eye movement trials averaged across all congruent (blue) and incongruent (red) blocks. C, Learned response on incongruent (vertical) versus congruent (horizontal) blocks. Filled and open symbols show data from Monkeys A and C. Solid line indicates unity. D, Schematics represent the target motion in the different experimental conditions. Left, Eye movement trials without a change in direction. Middle, Fixation trials in which rightward is the learned direction. Right, Fixation trial in which leftward is the learned direction. E, Average learned eye velocity in eye movement trials averaged across all learning blocks as a function of time from motion onset in blocks in which the moving target moved rightward (blue) or leftward (red). F, Learned response in adjacent blocks in which on fixation trials the target moved rightward (horizontal) or leftward (vertical). Filled and open symbols show data from Monkeys A and C. Solid line indicates unity. In all traces, shadowing represents the SEM. Vertical dashed line shows the time of the change in direction of the moving target.
- Figure 3.
Learning is not driven by residual movement on fixation trials. A, Schematics showing the direction of motion change on trials with large (top), small (bottom left) and no change (bottom right) in target direction. B, C, Eye velocity in base (B) and learned (C) direction as a function of time from motion onset on fixation (solid trace) and test (dashed trace) trials. Blue and red traces show the velocity averaged across congruent and incongruent fixation blocks. D, Difference in learned eye velocity between fixation trials from congruent and incongruent blocks (gray) and difference between trials with small and no angle in the corresponding blocks (black). Dashed red line indicates null velocity. E, Average learned eye velocity as a function of time from motion onset in test trials in blocks without change in direction (blue) and with a small change in direction (red). F, Base velocity on fixation trials, average from 200 up to 300 ms after motion onset versus learned response in subsequent test trials in fixation congruent blocks. Filled and open symbols show data from Monkeys A and C. G, H, Base velocity on fixation trials (G) and learned velocity on eye movement trials (H) in fixation congruent blocks as a function of time from motion onset for group of fixation trials with low, medium, and high base velocities (blue, red, and black traces). In all traces, shadowing represents the SEM. Vertical dashed line shows the time of the change in direction of the moving target.
- Figure 4.
Learning on fixation blocks is driven by change in direction. A, Schematics represent the target motion and position at the beginning and end of direction change epochs. Arrow represents the direction of motion; squares represent the fixation target and dots represent the location of the moving target at the end of the trial. Top, Eye movement trials with change in direction. Middle, Fixation trials in blocks with target motion. Bottom, Fixation trials in blocks without target motion; the moving target vanished with the change in direction and reappeared at the end of the epoch. B, Average learned eye velocity as a function of time from motion onset in learned direction in eye movement trials averaged across all motion (blue) and position (red) blocks. C, Learned response in eye movement trials on motion (horizontal) versus position (vertical) blocks. Solid line indicates unity. Filled and open symbols show data from Monkeys A and C. In all traces, shadowing represents the SEM. Vertical dashed line shows the time of the change in direction of the moving target.
- Figure 5.
Learning on fixation blocks is modulated by expected reward. A, top, Fixation trials in congruent rewarded blocks. Left, Congruent rewarded trials. Right, Incongruent unrewarded trials. Bottom, Fixation trials in incongruent rewarded blocks. Left, Incongruent rewarded trials. Right, Congruent unrewarded trials. Colors correspond to the color of the target used for Monkey C. For Monkey A blue and pink signaled reward and omission of reward. B, Learned eye velocity as a function of time from motion onset averaged across all eye movement trials in congruent rewarded (blue) and incongruent rewarded (red) blocks. C, Learned response in congruent rewarded (horizontal) versus incongruent rewarded (vertical) blocks. Solid line indicates unity. One outlier that had values of (0.52; −1.53) is not shown. Filled and open symbols show data from Monkeys A and C. In all traces, shadowing represents the SEM. Vertical dashed line shows the time of the change in direction of the moving target.
- Figure 6.
Learning dynamics in motor and fixation congruent blocks. A, B, Learning curve for motor (solid) and congruent fixation blocks (dashed) with single (A) or multiple (B) base and learned directions. Exponential fit of the motor learning curve is shown in red. In all traces, shadowing represents the SEM. C, Learned velocity in eye movement trials averaged across all motor (up) and fixation blocks (bottom). Colors represent learned velocity, and each horizontal line of the image shows eye velocity as a function of time for a single trial. The trials in a learning block progress from the bottom to the top of the image. The left plot shows data from Monkeys A and C; the middle and right from Monkeys E and F.
In this issue
