Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Overlap of individual SMA-ROI for the 20 participants of both groups. The subject-specific SMA-ROIs were identified before the NF training using a functional localizer run during an index finger tapping task.
- Figure 2.
fMRI NF training paradigm of one run. A run lasted for 430 s and consisted of nine 30-s-long NF blocks alternating with ten 16-s-long fixation (rest) blocks.
- Figure 3.
Reaction time (ms) differences before and after the self-regulation of both hands for the two groups. Errors bar represent the SEM; *p = 0.013.
- Figure 4.
The average PSC of the NF group calculated according to Equation 1. Error bar indicates SEM.
- Figure 5.
The mean β weights of NF and control groups across runs. The β weights were used as an indicator of the success of self-regulation. For statistics see text.
- Figure 6.
The mean β weights of NF (black line) and control (gray line) groups across NF runs of six frontoparietal motor regions. M1, PMC, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), left (L), right (R), vertical axis: mean β weights, horizontal axis: run number, the error bars represent the standard error of the mean.
- Figure 7.
Average BOLD signal change of target SMA regions of NF and control groups comparing the first and last runs. NF training helped to increase the SMA activity of the NF group (black lines) compared with the control group where it decreased it (gray lines). Error bars are SEM. Dashed lines represent the task block.
- Figure 8.
Results of the RFX-GLM analysis of NF runs shown for the (A) NF group and (B) control group. These activations are significant at p < 0.01 (cluster size >981 and >1139 mm3, respectively).
- Figure 9.
A contrast map between the RFX-GLM of NF and control groups. Red/yellow color represents significant actions in the NF group while the blue/green color indicates higher activation in the control group. The map was thresholded at p < 0.01 (cluster size >432 mm3).
- Figure 10.
Two-factorial ANOVA examining the interaction (group × run) effect. The brain slabs (in the white rectangular) show uncorrected activation in the SMA regions. The surface maps were thresholded at p < 0.05 (cluster size >1424 mm3).
Tables
NF group (mean ± SD) Control group (mean ± SD) p value (two-tailed t test) Age (years) 26.1 ± 5.1 23.2 ± 2.6 0.175 Education (years) 17.2 ± 2.3 16.6 ± 2 0.621 Handedness 81.4 ± 15.7 74.3 ± 23.7 0.490 MI vividness Third person perspective 21.6 ± 10.1 18.6 ± 4.8 0.462 First person perspective 18.5 ± 4.2 18.1 ± 4.3 0.839 Subject number Anatomical area Talairach coordinates Number of voxels x y z NF group 1 LH, medial frontal gyrus −6 −7 52 1163 2 LH, medial frontal gyrus −6 −19 58 702 3 LH, medial frontal gyrus −3 −10 52 1754 4 RH, medial frontal gyrus 6 −10 58 1333 5 LH, medial frontal gyrus −4 −14 48 1463 6 LH, medial frontal gyrus 0 −7 49 1520 7 LH, paracentral lobule −9 −25 52 2984 8 RH, medial frontal gyrus 9 −10 47 1730 9 RH, medial frontal gyrus 3 −10 52 2569 10 RH, medial frontal gyrus 9 −13 52 1186 Control group 11 RH, medial frontal gyrus 2 −11 51 1683 12 LH, medial frontal gyrus −10 −8 48 1520 13 LH, medial frontal gyrus −7 −17 51 1539 14 LH, medial frontal gyrus −4 −5 57 1344 15 LH, cingulate gyrus −10 −11 45 1408 16 LH, medial frontal gyrus −7 −5 57 2086 17 LH, medial frontal gyrus −4 −8 57 1792 18 RH, Cingulate Gyrus 8 −2 48 2072 19 RH, medial frontal gyrus 8 −8 54 1848 20 LH, medial frontal gyrus −4 −10 49 1268 Cortical area x y z Group Regression F(1,5) p R2 LH, M1 −33 −15 47 NF y = 0.019×+0.229 0.19 0.67 0.03 Control y = −0.084×+0.578 5.69 0.06 0.53 RH, M1 25 −25 40 NF y = −0.03×+0.66 0.49 0.5 0.09 Control y = 0.62×–0.11 1.44 0.28 0.22 LH, PMC −33 −4 46 NF y = −0.03×+0.66 0.9 0.38 0.15 Control y = −0.2×+0.69 0.44 0.53 0.08 RH, PMC 27 −10 46 NF y = 0.002×+0.34 0.005 0.94 0.001 Control y = 0.009×+0.36 0.074 0.79 0.01 LH, PPC −34 −34 25 NF y = −0.048×+0.31 0.4 0.55 0.07 Control y = 0.21×–0.13 0.13 0.73 0.02 RH, PPC −46 −46 40 NF y = −0.02×+0.37 0.19 0.67 0.03 Control y = 0.034×+0.1 0.77 0.41 0.13 No significant increase/decrease of the estimated β weights shown across runs of both groups.
Group Cortical area x y z t p value Size NF LH, lateral globus pallidus −21 −7 4 5.2415 0.00053 1924 LH, IPL, BA 40 −60 −28 34 7.9406 0.00002 1258 LH, supramarginal gyrus, BA 40 −42 −40 37 7.7510 0.00002 1263 LH, precentral gyrus, BA 6 −30 −13 52 7.2034 0.00005 4863 RH, putamen 24 −1 7 5.8323 0.00024 1995 RH, precentral gyrus, BA 44 48 5 10 7.1174 0.00005 1405 Control LH, middle temporal gyrus, BA 21 −57 −55 4 7.2142 0.00005 1504 LH, putamen −18 −1 13 12.8867 0.00001 24743 LH, IPL, BA 40 −57 −34 22 7.5089 0.00003 1756 RH, caudate body 21 17 13 11.4746 0.00001 15864 RH, middle frontal gyrus, BA 6 36 −4 46 6.7628 0.00008 1605 x, y, z are given in Talairach coordinates. LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere; BA, Brodmann area.
Cortical area x y z t p value Size NF > control LH, medial frontal gyrus, BA 6 0 −9 49 4.2104 0.00052 875 LH, precentral gyrus, BA 6 −33 −7 58 5.9098 0.00001 1994 Control > NF RH, middle frontal gyrus, BA 8 36 26 43 −6.1933 0.00001 2628 LH, claustrum −24 14 13 −4.9600 0.00010 1120 x, y, z are the Talairach coordinated. LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere; BA, Brodmann area.
Cortical area x y z t p value Size RH, superior temporal gyrus, BA 42 63 −28 7 3.8164 0.00001 1269 RH, precentral gyrus, BA 6 54 −1 13 3.3213 0.00019 2150 RH, middle frontal gyrus 39 22 19 4.8032 0.00001 1871 RH, caudate head 12 11 1 3.863 0.00001 3147 LH, lingual gyrus, BA 18 −9 −76 −8 4.1983 0.00001 3655 LH, lentiform nucleus −18 2 1 2.9345 0.00053 2115 LH, precentral gyrus, BA 44 −51 10 13 3.2926 0.00016 1310 LH, superior temporal gyrus, BA 41 −45 −34 4 3.7605 0.00001 1431 x, y, z are the Talairach coordinates. LH. left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere; BA, Brodmann area.
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