Article Information
- Received May 30, 2020
- Revision received October 17, 2020
- Accepted October 20, 2020
- Published online January 25, 2021.
Author Information
- Anisha Rastogi1,
- Francis R. Willett2,3,
- Jessica Abreu1,4,
- Douglas C. Crowder1,4,
- Brian A. Murphy1,4,
- William D. Memberg1,
- Carlos E. Vargas-Irwin5,6,
- Jonathan P. Miller4,8,9,
- Jennifer Sweet8,9,
- Benjamin L. Walter4,10,
- Paymon G. Rezaii2,
- Sergey D. Stavisky2,3,
- Leigh R. Hochberg6,7,11,12,13,
- Krishna V. Shenoy3,14,15,16,17,18,
- Jaimie M. Henderson2,17,18,
- Robert F. Kirsch1,4 and
- A. Bolu Ajiboye1,4
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- 4Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
- 5Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- 6Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- 7VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI 02912
- 8Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
- 9Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
- 10Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
- 11School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- 12Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- 13Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- 14Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- 15Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- 16Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- 17Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- 18Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035
- Correspondence should be addressed to A. Bolu Ajiboye at bolu.ajiboye{at}case.edu.
Author contributions
Author contributions: A.R., F.R.W., B.A.M., C.E.V.-I., L.R.H., K.V.S., J.M.H., R.F.K., and A.B.A. designed research; A.R., B.A.M., W.D.M., J.P.M., J.S., B.L.W., P.G.R., and S.D.S. performed research; A.R., F.R.W., J.A., and D.C.C. analyzed data; A.R., F.R.W., S.D.S., and A.B.A. wrote the paper.
Disclosures
The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement with Neuralink, Paradromics, and Synchron, for which L.M.H. provides consultative input. K.V.S. is a consultant to Neuralink Corp. and on the Scientific Advisory Boards of CTRL-Labs, Inc., MIND-X Inc., Inscopix Inc., and Heal, Inc. J.M.H. is a consultant for Neuralink, Proteus Biomedical, and Boston Scientific and serves on the Medical Advisory Board of Enspire DBS. This work was independent of and not supported by these commercial entities. All other authors declare no competing financial interests.
This work was supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research Grants R01HD077220 (to B.L.W. and R.F.K.) and F30HD090890 (to A.R.); National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Grants R01DC009899 (to L.R.H.) and R01DC014034 (to K.V.S. and J.M.H.); National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grants UH2NS095548 and 5U01NS098968-02 (to L.R.H.); NIH Institutional Training Grants 5 TL1 TR 441-7 and 5T32EB004314-15 (to A.R.); Department of Veteran Affairs Office of Research and Development Rehabilitation R&D Service Grants N2864C, N9228C, A2295R, B6453R, and A6779I (to L.R.H.) and A2654R (to A.B.A.); the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (F.R.W. and K.V.S.); MGH-Deane Institute (L.R.H.); the Executive Committee on Research of Massachusetts General Hospital (L.R.H.); the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (F.R.W., S.D.S., K.V.S., J.M.H.); the ALS Association Milton Safenowitz Postdoctoral Fellowship (S.D.S.); the A.P. Giannini Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (S.D.S.); the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Interdisciplinary Scholars Fellowship; the Larry and Pamela Garlick Foundation; the Simons Foundation Collaboration on the Global Brain Grant 543045; and Samuel and Betsy Reeves.
B. L. Walter’s present address: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106.
Funding
NIH Institutional Training Grants
5 TL1 TR 441-7; 5T32EB004314-15HHS | NIH | NICHD | National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR)
NCMRR F30HD090890; R01HD077220; R01HD077220; R01HD077220The Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)
The ALS Association Milton Safenowitz Postdoctoral Fellowship
The A.P. Giannini Postdoctoral Fellowship
MGH-Deane Institute
The Executive Committee on Research (ECOR) of Massachusetts General Hospital
HHS | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
R01DC009899; R01DC014034; R01DC014034HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
UH2NS095548; 5U01NS098968-02Department of Veteran Affairs Office of Research and Development Rehabilitation R&D Service
N2864C; N9288C; A2295R; B6453R; A6779I; A2654RThe Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute
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