Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
AEC in the θ (4–8 Hz), α (8–13 Hz), and β (13–30 Hz) frequency bands on the overall task. A, The bars depict average AEC between the NAc (most ventral contact point of the DBS electrode) and 30 randomly selected surface EEG channels, for the left and right NAc separately. B, Topology of the 30 randomly selected surface electrodes.
- Figure 2.
Effect of inhibition success on dPTE between right NAc and scalp electrodes. A, dPTE between right NAc and EEG electrode Fpz (large dot) showed a condition effect in the θ-band on successful versus failed inhibition trials (−550−550 ms relative to stop stimulus onset). LMM t values are plotted with small dots indicating tested channels. B, Mean dPTE (arbitrary units, centered) for conditions and patients separately. Positive and negative values indicate cortex→NAc and NAc→cortex information flow, respectively. Error bars indicate SEM. C, Post hoc sliding window analysis showed the effect was highest just before stop stimulus onset (time = 0). Condition effect t values (solid line) were smoothed and plotted on the left y-axis, whereas the right y-axis reflects centered smoothed dPTE intercepts (dashed lines) for the separate conditions, with negative values again indicating effective connectivity from the NAc toward the cortex and vice versa. Since dPTE was calculated for a sliding window, with each dot representing 500 ms, the approximately −290−290 ms shown on the x-axis represents the entire −550- to 550-ms trial length.
- Figure 3.
PSD modulation following response on failed inhibition versus correct go trials. Power is expressed in decibel (dB). Error bars indicate SEM. Greater θ power increase following motor response on failed inhibition compared with correct go trials (A) in the left NAc and (B) on electrode FCz. C, Greater α power decrease following motor response on failed inhibition compared with correct go trials on electrode PO4. D–F, Power modulation from plots A–C, respectively, visualized for patients separately. CG and FI refer to correct go and failed inhibition conditions, respectively. *** p < 0.0005 before and 0.002 after Bonferroni correction, ** p < 0.001 before and 0.005 after Bonferroni correction, * p < 0.05.
Tables
ID Sex Age Diagnosis SSRT Mean SSD Mean RT
correct goMean RT
failed
inhibition% Successful
inhibition% Incorrect
goPatient 1 F 40 OCD 238 653 925 840 58 1 Patient 2 F 22 OCD 291 164 473 400 46 0 Patient 3 F 32 OCD 305 138 433 412 44 0 Patient 4 F 31 OCD 233 587 853 744 60 2 Patient 5 F 63 MDD 308 271 625 541 53 13 Patient 6 M 55 MDD 179 667 840 732 52 2 Patient 7 M 37 SUD 232 354 606 486 53 0 Summary mean (SD) 5 F/2 M 40 (14.3) 255 (47.9) 405 (228.4) 679 (194.9) 594 (176.7) 52% (5.6) 2% (4.6) SSRT, stop signal reaction time; SSD, stop signal delay; RT, reaction time; F/M, female/male; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; SUD, substance use disorder; SD, standard deviation.
ID Intracranial contact
points rejectedaEEG channels missing
from selectionNumber of EEG
channels rejectedNumber of EEG channels
not recordedPatient 1 R1 AF7 3, including AF7 9 Patient 2 R2 AF7 1, including AF7 9 Patient 3 R1 O1, Oz, O2 6, including O1, Oz, O2 8 Patient 4 R2 Fp2 6 8 Patient 5 R1 0 6 Patient 6 R0, R1 AF7 10, including AF7 10 Patient 7 4 8 ↵a R = right hemisphere, 0 = most ventral contact point, located in the NAc, 1–2 = contact points one and two places, respectively, more dorsal from the most ventral contact point/NAc.
Time-locking: conditions Connectivity
measureFrequency
bandNAc
hemisphereEEG t value p value
before
Bonferroni
correctionp value
after
Bonferroni
correctionStop: successful vs failed inhibition dPTE θ R Fpz −3.70 0.0030 0.0120 Response: failed inhibition vs correct go* AEC θ R O1 2.76 0.0442 0.1768 dPTE α L P1 3.21 0.0220 0.0880 ↵* Solely significant before Bonferroni correction.
- Table 4
PSD modulation following motor response on failed inhibition versus correct go trials
Frequency band Effect Channel t value p value before
Bonferroni correctionp value after
Bonferroni correctionθ Condition × time NAc L 3.29 0.0004 0.0016 Condition × time FCz 3.94 0.0006 0.0012 α Condition NAc L 1.87 0.0284 0.1136* Condition × time PO4 −3.11 0.0110 0.0220 ↵* Solely significant before Bonferroni correction.
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