Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A, The experimental procedure of a single run, consisting of prosaccade task (PRO) and antisaccade task (ANTI) blocks, which each consisted of either 40 or 60 trials per block. There was 1 min between each block. B, Schematic top view of the experimental setup and gaze behavior during a prosaccade and antisaccade condition trial. The black square represents the target fixation in the center of the screen, and the smaller black square represents the peripheral stimulus (cue). The peripheral stimulus is presented 1000 ms on the screen and starts after a duration of the target fixation of 800–1200 ms. C, The sequence of latent events assumed by the SERIA model, generating as output either early prosaccades (EARLY PRO), late prosaccades (LATE PRO), or antisaccade events (LATE ANTI).
- Figure 2.
Top panels, Raw distributions with error responses plotted as a cumulative proportion of the total number of trials for young and old group, showing a rightward shift of the correct antisaccade distribution relative to both the prosaccade and error antisaccades distributions. Bottom panels, The same data as shown above as reciprobit plots. Error responses are plotted as a cumulative proportion of the total number of trials.
- Figure 3.
Paired distributions of four output measures (reaction time, error rate, gain, peak velocity) for test and retest measurement timepoints. Each point represents one subject. Solid red and blue lines correspond to linear regression model fit for prosaccades and antisaccades, respectively.
- Figure 4.
Reciprobit plots for error rate in the antisaccade trials, comparison for the young and old group, for test and retest. Error responses are plotted as a cumulative proportion of the total number of trials.
- Figure 5.
Bland–Altman plots for two measures of interest; error rate and reaction time. Horizontal dashed lines are drawn at the limits of agreement, which are defined as the mean difference plus and minus 1.96 times the SD of the differences.
- Figure 6.
Reaction times (A, B) and proportion of correct trials (C, D); plots of the Bayesian model predictions. Large gray points show mean fitted values; the mean of posterior distribution and 98.7% CIs. Small red (prosaccades) and blue (antisaccades) dots represent means over all blocks (two for prosaccades, three for antisaccades) for all the participants.
- Figure 7.
Paired distributions of four output measures (reaction time, error rate, gain, peak velocity) for test and retest measurement timepoints. Each point represents one subject. Solid red and blue lines correspond to linear regression model fit for prosaccades and antisaccades, respectively.
- Figure 8.
Bland–Altman plots for two measures of interest; reaction time and error rate. Horizontal dashed lines are drawn at the limits of agreement, which are defined as the mean difference plus and minus 1.96 times the SD of the differences.
Tables
- Table 1
Descriptives of reaction times for the first saccade, error rate, gain of the first saccade (ratio of actual saccade amplitude divided by the desired saccade amplitude), and peak saccadic velocity for the prosaccade and antisaccade condition for the young and old group
Young group (n = 20) Old group (n = 20) Prossacade condition Antisaccade condition Prossacade condition Antisaccade condition Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Reaction time (ms) 268 83 51 790 303 88 51 786 309 118 51 796 360 130 51 794 Error rate (%) 1.3 1.92 0 10 7.83 6.54 0 27.5 5.35 5.31 0 21.6 17.2 14.7 0 57.4 Gain of the saccade (ratio) 0.81 0.18 0.01 2.58 0.79 0.22 0.01 3.48 0.76 0.28 0.01 3.07 0.7 0.32 0.01 4.03 Peak saccadic velocity (°/s) 331 229 45 3270 326 259 5.0 3270 288 193 44.0 3270 267 210 44 3270 - Table 2
ICCs with 95% confidence intervals in brackets for four output measures, separately for prosaccade and antisaccade condition and for old and young group
Young group (n = 20) Old group (n = 20) Prosaccades Antisaccades Prosaccades Antisaccades Reaction time 0.66 (0.51; 0.77) 0.64 (0.53; 0.71) 0.85 (0.78; 0.9) 0.8 (0.74; 0.85) Error rate 0.22 (0.09; 0.41) 0.45 (0.33; 0.56) 0.47 (0.27; 0.62) 0.75 (0.67; 0.86) Gain of the saccade 0.51 (0.32; 0.65) 0.62 (0.52; 0.7) 0.64 (0.49; 0.75) 0.61 (0.5; 0.7) Peak saccadic velocity 0.51 (0.33; 0.66) 0.5 (0.39; 0.61) 0.71 (0.58; 0.8) 0.59 (0.48; 0.69) Dependent variable Parameter Estimate (error) CIlower CIupper Reaction time Age
Type
Age:type32.94 (6.75)
–43.86 (1.93)
–3.37 (2.65)16.06
–48.68
–10.3749.85
–38.99
3.04Error rate Age
Type
Age:type0.06 (0.01)
–0.07 (0.00)
–0.04 (0.01)0.04
–0.08
–0.050.09
–0.06
–0.02Peak velocity Age
Type
Age:type–9.24 (9.16)
11.65 (3.38)
0.31 (4.51)–36.41
3.08
–11.0310.40
20.08
11.73Gain Age
Type
Age:type–0.07 (0.01)
0.02 (0.00)
0.02 (0.01)–0.09
0.01
0.01–0.04
0.03
0.04Younger group and antisaccade condition are references (i.e., older group had on average 32.94 ms longer reaction time). CI = 98.7% CI.
- Table 4
ICCs with 95% CIs in brackets for four output measures, separately for prosaccade and antisaccade condition and for older and younger groups
Younger group (n = 73) Older group (n = 71) Prosaccades Antisaccades Prosaccades Antisaccades Reaction time 0.74 (0.61; 0.83) 0.75 (0.63; 0.84) 0.87 (0.80; 0.92) 0.89 (0.82; 0.93) Error rate 0.52 (0.32; 0.69) 0.77 (0.65; 0.85) 0.70 (0.56; 0.80) 0.73 (0.59; 0.82) Gain of the saccade 0.47 (0.291; 0.577) 0.66 (0.51; 0.77) 0.64 (0.47; 0.75) 0.89 (0.82; 0.93) Peak saccadic velocity 0.52 (0.33; 0.68) 0.59 (0.41; 0.71) 0.59 (0.40;0.72) 0.89 (0.82; 0.93) Dependent variable Parameter Estimate (error) CIlower CIupper Inhibitory fail probability Age
Type
Age:type0.08 (0.01)
0.87 (0.01)
–0.11 (0.02)0.06
0.85
–0.140.09
0.90
–0.08Inhibitory fail reaction time Age
Type
Age:type0.19 (0.05)
0.69 (0.05)
0.11 (0.07)0.07
0.59
–0.050.30
0.81
0.27Younger group and antisaccade condition are references (i.e., older group had on average 8% higher probability for inhibitory failures). CI = 96.9% CI.
Dependent variable Parameter Estimate (error) CIlower CIupper Late saccade probability Age
Type
Age:type0.05 (0.01)
0.92 (0.01)
–0.08 (0.01)0.03
0.90
–0.110.07
0.94
–0.05Late saccade reaction time Age
Type
Age:type0.39 (0.05)
0.09 (0.06)
–0.15 (0.08)0.25
–0.04
–0.340.52
0.23
0.05Inhibitory fail probability Age
Type
Age:type0.03 (0.01)
0.08 (0.01)
–0.08 (0.02)0.01
0.05
–0.110.07
0.12
–0.05Inhibitory fail reaction time Age
Type
Age:type0.08 (0.04)
0.29 (0.04)
–0.17 (0.06)0.01
0.19
–0.300.18
0.39
–0.03Younger group and antisaccade condition are references (i.e., older group had on average 5% higher probability for late saccades). CI = 98.5% CI.
- Table 7
ICCs with 95% CIs in brackets for four output measures of SERIA model separately for prosaccade and antisaccade conditions and for older and younger groups
Younger group (n = 73) Older group (n = 71) Prosaccades Antisaccades Prosaccades Antisaccades Inhibitory fail probability 0.36 (0.15; 0.54) 0.78 (0.67; 0.83) 0.16 (0.01; 0.36) 0.81 (0.71; 0.88) Inhibitory fail reaction time 0.06 (0.00; 0.29) 0.42 (0.2; 0.59) 0.22 (0.00; 0.44) 0.31 (0.08; 0.51) Late prosaccade probability 0.04 (–0.19; 0.27) 0.70 (0.56; 0.80) 0.20 (–0.03; 0.41) 0.53 (0.34; 0.68) Late prosaccade reaction time 0.52 (0.16; 0.55) 0.52 (0.33; 0.68) 0.38 (0.16; 0.55) 0.86 (0.79; 0.91) - Table 8
The 2.5% and 97.5% quantile from each variable of the SERIA model over 100 repetitions
Younger group (n = 73) Older group (n = 71) Prosaccades Antisaccades Prosaccades Antisaccades Inhibitory fail probability 0.110; 0.150 0.057; 0.063 0.082; 0.106 0.086; 0.096 Inhibitory fail reaction time 1.580; 1.747 1.320; 1.437 1.523; 1.698 1.422; 1.521 Late prosaccade probability 0.963; 0.966 0.040; 0.046 0.935; 0.938 0.091; 0.100 Late prosaccade reaction time 2.870; 2.957 2.884; 2.928 3.169; 3.208 3.199; 3.257
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