Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Group differences in α power. A, During the S-RS, the PTSD group demonstrated reduced α power in the VC (the cuneus, precuneus, and superior occipital gyrus), the posterior DMN hub (PCC), and anterior and posterior insula. B, During the M-RS, the PTSD group showed reduced α power in the VC (the cuneus and precuneus), both the anterior and posterior DMN hubs (mPFC and PCC), and anterior and posterior insula. Cun = cuneus; Precun = precuneus; AI = anterior insula; PI = posterior insula; Sup. Occ. = superior occipital gyrus.
- Figure 2.
Group differences in α connectivity. Left column, Matrices of group differences PTSD minus controls in directed α-frequency connectivity (GC) showed (A) reduced PCC→VC α connectivity (albeit not FDR corrected) during the S-RS; and (B) reduced PCC→mPFC α connectivity during the M-RS and, as enclosed in a red box, more reduction from the S-RS to the M-RS in VC→PCC and VC→mPFC α connectivity. Right column, Schematic presentations of group differences in connectivity during the S-RS (A) and M-RS (B), with solid and dotted arrows reflecting connections surviving and not surviving FDR correction, respectively. Arrows in light blue and dark blue reflect significant effects from simple group contrasts and double contrasts of state and group, respectively. Our discussion focused on the effects surviving the multiple comparison correction; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, †p < 0.1; white * = FDR corrected; gray * = not FDR corrected. VC = visual cortex.
- Figure 3.
Whole-brain PCC connectivity maps during the M-RS. Connectivity for all Brodmann areas (BAs) with the PCC as the sender and receiver (p < 0.05). Only the PCC→BA 22 connectivity (dark red) survived whole-brain correction (FWE p = 0.0006).
- Figure 4.
Clinical associations between α power and hypervigilance. Whole-brain correlation maps of α power and hypervigilance indicated negative correlations in both the dorsal (i.e., SPL, precuneus) and ventral (i.e., ITG) visual cortices during the S-RS (A) and both DMN hubs (mPFC and PCC) during the M-RS (B). SPL = superior parietal lobule; ITG = inferior temporal gyrus.
Tables
PTSD Controls Age (years) 34.6 ± 10.4 31.1 ± 13.1 Gender (female/male) 16/9 25/19 Substance use (%)† 64%* 7.5% Medication use (%) 40% 36% PCL total 61.0 ± 16.1* 37.6 ± 13.4 PCL-hypervigilance 4.1 ± 1.0* 2.1 ± 1.2 BAI 26.2 ± 15.7* 11.8 ± 9.4 BDI 26.8 ± 12.5* 17.4 ± 9.7 PCL = posttraumatic stress disorder checklist; BAI = Beck anxiety inventory; BDI = Beck depression inventory.
† = Subjects with opioid, stimulant, and cocaine use were excluded.
↵* p < 0.005.
Effects (PTSD < control) State Visual cortex DMN α Power S-RS Cun., Precun., Sup. Occ. PCC M-RS Precun. PCC, mPFC M-RS - S-RS n. s. n. s. α GC S-RS n. s. PCC→VC M-RS VC→PCC, VC→mPFC PCC→mPFC M-RS - S-RS VC→PCC, VC→mPFC n. s. Cun = cuneus; Precun = precuneus; Sup. Occ. = superior occipital gyrus; VC = visual cortex. Italicized ones were significant (p < 0.05) before multiple comparison correction; all other effects survived correction.
Contrast S-RS M-RS M-RS – S-RS α Power PTSD vsHC PCC/Precun. (20, –60, 35)(t = –3.00; k = 71)
Cun./SOC (45, –80, 25) (t = –3.42;k = 71)
R. Insula (35, –5, 15) (t = –3.18;k = 10)PCC/Precun. (5, –55, 50) (t = –2.41; k = 121)
mPFC (10, 65, 0) (t = –2.87; k = 10)
R. Insula (45, –5, 15) (t = –2.98; k = 10)n.s. PTSD vsGAD PCC/Precun. (15, –50, 40)(t = –3.31; k = 112)
Cun. (5, –65, 15) (t = –2.88;k = 112)
L. Insula (–30, 25, 0) (t = –4.29;k = 30)PCC/Precun. (15, –45, 40) (t = –3.31; k = 102)
mPFC (–15, 65, –15) (t = –3.31; k = 95)
R./L. Insula (60, –15, 30/–30, 25, 5)(t = –3.96/–3.58; k = 64/65)n.s. α Connectivity PTSD vsHC PCC→VC* (t = –1.72, p = 0.046) PCC→mPFC (t = –2.68, p = 0.010)
VC→PCC (t = –2.36, p = 0.023)VC→PCC* (t = –1.87,p = 0.034) PTSD vsGAD PCC→VC* (t = –1.83, p = 0.037) PCC→mPFC (t = –2.68, p = 0.010)
VC→PCC (t = –3.30, p = 0.002)
mPFC→PCC (t = –3.25, p = 0.003)VC→PCC* (t = –1.87,p = 0.035)
VC→mPFC (t = –2.29,p = 0.027)All effects survived FDR p < 0.05.
↵* one-tailed. Peak MNI coordinates (x, y, z) are provided, along with cluster sizes (k). SOC = superior occipital gyrus; R/L = right/left.
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