Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The at-risk group scored lower than controls on three neuropsychological factors (cognitive control/speed, memory, and intelligence), though the group difference did not quite reach significance. A, Violin plots showing the distribution of factor scores for each group. B, Results from a group comparison PLS that found a marginal effect such that the at-risk group scored lower than controls on the cognitive control, memory and intelligence factors (p = 0.053). Bootstrap ratios (BSRs) are plotted and represent a linear combination of the factors weighted by how strongly they contribute to the latent variable. Negative BSRs indicate the at-risk group had lower scores than controls on these factors. BSRs may be interpreted similar to z score (>|2.5| akin to p < 0.05), suggesting again that the at-risk group’s lower scores on the control/speed, memory, and intelligence factors was approaching significance. Error bars represent 1 SE = standard error. C, Distribution of MoCA scores in the present sample. The black dashed line indicates the recommended MoCA cutoff score (26 points out of 30).
- Figure 2.
A behavioral PLS (p = 0.01, 87% covariance) found age was negatively correlated with scores on the VOSP silhouette, VOSP progressive silhouette, and WASI matrix reasoning tests in the at-risk group, but not controls. The left bar graph shows the correlation between age and the pattern of neuropsychological tests shown on the right. The error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Bootstrap ratios are pictured on the right, representing a linear combination of the neuropsychological tests weighted by how much they contribute to the latent variable. Bootstrap ratios may be interpreted like z scores, such that bootstrap ratios >|2.5| are considered to be reliably correlated with age in the group(s) that are significantly contributing to the latent variable. Immediate (imm), delayed (del), sillhoutte (sil), version (Ver).
- Figure 3.
Multivariate PLS analysis of the relationship between SDBOLD and 8 variables (age, MoCA score, global FA and MD, and score on 4 neuropsychological factors). In controls, SDBOLD (particularly in the MTL) was associated with higher cognitive control/speed and intelligence scores, but lower visuospatial and memory scores. These relationships were weaker in the at-risk group. A, The first latent variable (p < 0.001, 41.1% covariance) from the omnibus, between groups behavioral PLS assessing correlations between the 8 variables and SDBOLD. The bars represent the correlation between each variable with the pattern of SDBOLD shown in the corresponding brain plot (B). The error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, so the error bars of variables significantly contributing to the latent variable will not cross zero. B Brain plots showing the bootstrap ratios for the latent variable, which may be interpreted like z scores. That is, the highlighted voxels are reliably associated with the related variables in A that significantly contribute to the latent variable. To clearly show the spatial pattern of the respective latent variable, only voxels with bootstrap ratios >|4| are pictured.
- Figure 4.
Multivariate PLS analysis of the relationship between SDBOLD and gray matter volume in the HC and MTL. In the at-risk group, reduced volumetry in the CA1, CA3/DG, PHC, and alERC was associated with higher SDBOLD in the MTL. The effect was less widespread in controls. A, B, The first latent variable (p < 0.0001, 72.0% covariance) from the omnibus between groups behavioral PLS assessing correlations between volumetry of 7 MTL regions (3 hippocampal subfields and 4 MTL subregions) and MTL SDBOLD. A, The bars represent the correlation between each MTL subregion with the pattern of SDBOLD shown in the corresponding brain plot (B). The error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, so the error bars of variables significantly contributing to the latent variable will not cross zero. B, Brain plots showing the bootstrap ratios for the latent variable, which may be interpreted like z scores. Voxels with bootstrap ratios >|2.5| are pictured and considered to be reliably correlated with the brain volumes that are significantly contributing to the latent variable. C, Scatter plot shows the correlation between brain scores from the PLS comparing whole-brain SDBOLD and several predictor variables (Fig. 3) and the brain scores from the PLS comparing MTL variability and volumes. The strong correlation (at-risk: r = 0.89, p < 0.0001; controls: r = 0.91, p < 0.0001) indicates that the pattern of SDBOLD that is associated with behavior is highly similar to the pattern of SDBOLD associated with MTL volumes. Brain volumes: HC subfields (CA1, dentate gyrus/CA2 and 3, and subiculum) and MTL cortices (alERC, pmERC, PRC, and PHC).
Tables
At-risk (SD) Controls (SD) n 20 20 MoCA 23.4 (1.9), all <26 27.9 (1.7), all >26 Age 71.5 (6.5) 70.3 (4.5) Education 15.5 (2.9) 16.5 (2.8) Sex 17 female 13 female Neuropsychological Test Subtest 1. Visuospatial 2. Cognitive control/speed 3. Memory 4. Intelligence RCFT Immediate recall 0.87 -0.03 0.06 0.13 Delayed recall 0.84 -0.01 0.08 0.24 VOSP Silhouettes 0.58 0.13 0 0.23 Progressive silhouettes 0.69 0.23 -0.09 0.2 WASI Block design 0.53 0.16 0.37 0.53 Trail making test (TMT) Alternating (version A) 0.46 0.54 0.11 −0.14 Sequential (version B) 0.41 0.69 0.3 0.18 WAIS Digit span forward −0.31 0.72 −0.13 0.18 Digit span backward 0.08 0.79 0.21 0.08 WMS Immediate recall −0.08 0.2 0.85 0.28 Delayed recall 0.09 0.05 0.88 −0.02 WASI Matrix reasoning 0.36 0.6 0.06 0.42 Vocabulary 0.24 0.19 0.15 0.83 Similarity 0.24 0.08 0.05 0.8 Proportion of variance accounted for by each factor 0.24 0.18 0.15 0.13 *Loadings >|0.40| are bold to assist with factor interpretation.
- Table 3.
Significant clusters representing relationship between SDBOLD and eight variables (Fig. 3)
ROI name MNI coordinates, mm; x, y, z Cluster size, voxels BSR Left parahippocampal gyrus 27, 22, 13 789 8.13 Right thalamus 17, 26, 16 369 7.31 Left lateral occipital cortex 31, 12, 26 32 7.02 Right caudate, subcallosal cortex 21, 36, 17 30 7.28 Left temporal fusiform cortex 31, 30, 8 29 5.72 Right superior parietal lobule 15, 21, 34 28 5.89 Right superior temporal gyrus, posterior division 6, 23, 18 28 7.09 Left superior parietal lobule 29, 19, 34 25 6.53 Left occipital pole 25, 8, 20 25 5.57 Left middle frontal gyrus 33, 36, 25 19 5.7 Left superior temporal gyrus 38, 23, 18 17 5.84 Left middle temporal gyrus 38, 28, 15 16 5.08 Right insular cortex 12, 29, 17 13 4.69 Right frontal pole 14, 42, 24 12 5.72 Left postcentral gyrus 33, 24, 30 11 5.25 Right precuneus cortex 21, 11, 28 11 5.65 Right paracingulate gyrus 20, 44, 16 10 5.56 Right superior paracingulate gyrus 20, 37, 27 10 4.59 Left caudate 25, 36, 20 8 5.23 Right frontal operculum cortex 13, 38, 18 8 4.95 Right angular gyrus 6, 19, 21 7 4.87 Right insular cortex 14, 32, 20 7 5.2 Right parietal operculum cortex 11, 25, 22 7 4.51 Left postcentral gyrus 38, 27, 24 7 5.42 Left juxstapositional lobule cortex (formerly supplementary morter cortex) 22, 28, 31 7 4.75 Left precuneus cortex 23, 18, 34 7 5.13 Left precuneus cortex 27, 16, 20 6 4.82 Right frontal pole 22, 46, 25 6 5.11 Right frontal pole 10, 33, 8 5 5.06 Right lateral occipital cortex, superior division 14, 15, 28 5 5.38 Right precuneus cortex 20, 18, 31 5 5.13 Only clusters of five voxels or larger with bootstrap ratio (BSR) >|4| are included.
Table 2-2
Supplementary Table 2-2. Download Table 2-2, DOCX file.
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