Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
State-to-trait meditation brain activity changes of the fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations (fALFFs). Aa, Brain regions showing trait changes in fALFF between meditators and HCs at baseline (HC rsBase < EM rsBase). Ab, Brain regions that show significant changes in fALFF during the meditation state in meditators (EM rsBase < EM Med). Ac, Brain regions that show significant changes in fALFF during the transition from state-to-trait meditation in meditators (EM rsBase < EM rsPost). B, Boxplot showing the mean fALFF z-scores in blue (DMN) and red (CEN) and PDA scores in green during baseline (rsBase), meditation (Med) and post-meditation (rsPost) for HCs and EMs. C, Schematic representation of state-to-trait contrasts. All stats shown are nonparametric (5000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05. Black dots represent subjects that lie beyond the whiskers.
- Figure 2.
State-to-trait meditation functional connectivity (FC) changes. Aa, Brain regions showing trait FC changes between experienced meditators (EM) and healthy controls (HCs) at baseline (HC rsBase < EM rsBase). Ab, Brain regions that show significant FC changes during the meditation state in meditators (EM rsBase < EM Med). Ac, Brain regions that show significant FC changes during the transition from state-to-trait meditation in meditators (EM rsBase < EM rsPost). Dark green (DMN ROIs 1 and 2) and light green (CEN ROIs 3 and 4) clusters show in each case the seeds used to determine the shown contrast (Fig. 1Aa). B, Boxplot showing mean FC z-scores in blue (DMNs 1 and 2) and red (CENs 3 and 4) during baseline (rsBase), meditation (Med), and post-meditation (rsPost) for HCs and EMs. C, Schematic representation of state-to-trait contrasts. All stats shown are nonparametric (1000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05. Black dots represent subjects that lie beyond the whiskers.
- Figure 3.
Correlations between Positive Diametric Activity (PDA) and Functional Connectivity (FC). A, Brain regions that show significant correlation between PDA and FC during the meditation state in experienced meditators (EM) (EM Med). B, Brain regions that show significant correlation between the change in PDA and change in FC during the transition from state-to-trait meditation (ΔEM = rsBase - rsPost). Dark green clusters at the Default Mode Network (DMN ROIs 1 and 2 from Fig. 1Aa) and bright green clusters at the Central Executive Network (CEN ROIs 3 and 4 from Fig. 1Aa) show in each case the seeds used to determine the estimated contrast. *nonparametric (1000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05; **parametric stats with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
- Figure 4.
Correlations between meditation hours (MedHrs) and functional connectivity (FC). A, Brain regions showing the correlation of MedHrs and FC at baseline for meditators. B, Brain regions that show significant correlation between MedHrs and FC during the meditation state in meditators (EM Med). C, Brain regions that show significant correlation between MedHrs and the change in FC during the transition from state-to-trait meditation in meditators (ΔEM = rsBase - rsPost). Dark green clusters at the Default Mode Network (DMN ROIs 1 and 2 from Fig. 1Aa) and bright green clusters at the Central Executive Network (CEN ROIs 3 and 4 from Fig. 1Aa) show in each case the seeds used to determine the estimated contrast. **nonparametric (1000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
Tables
- Table 1.
Differences in fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations (fALFF) for the different meditation states
Region BA Voxels MNI (x,y,z mm) p value* Meditation trait effects HC rsBase > EM rsBase Default Mode Network (DMN) Medial Temporal Gyrus L 21 1302 –66,–34,–6 0.02 Medial Prefrontal Cortex R 10 18 6,60,26 0.01 Medial Prefrontal Cortex L 10 147 –2,58,12 0.05 Central Executive Network (CEN) Inferior Frontal Gyrus L 9 405 –34,6,34 0.01 Inferior Frontal Gyrus R 9 144 54,20,20 0.03 Inferior Parietal Lobule L 40 74 –54,–38,50 0.05 Meditation state effects EM Med > EM rsBase Default Mode Network (DMN) No significant differences N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Network (CEN) Inferior Frontal Gyrus R 9 115 46,18,30 0.02 Inferior Frontal Gyrus L 9 82 –44,10,26 0.03 Meditation state-to-trait effects EM rsPost > EM rsBase Default Mode Network (DMN) No significant differences N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Network (CEN) Inferior Frontal Gyrus L 9 17 –46,18,34 0.02 Inferior Frontal Gyrus R 9 4 50,28,38 0.05 Brodmann areas (BA), number of voxels and Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates (MNI).
*All statistics are nonparametric (5000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
Region Connectivity BA Voxels MNI (x,y,z mm) p value* Meditation trait effects EM rsBase > HC rsBase Default Mode Network (DMN) Superior Frontal Gyrus Reduced L 11 >1000 –16,60,26 0.01 Middle Frontal Gyrus Reduced L 9 >200 –26,26,32 0.01 Inferior Parietal Lobule Reduced L 40 >200 –38,–48,26 0.02 Superior Temporal Gyrus Reduced R 38 >200 48,16,–20 0.03 Central Executive Network (CEN) No significant differences N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Meditation state effects EM Med > EM rsBase Default Mode Network (DMN) No significant differences N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Network (CEN) Middle frontal gyrus Increased L 10 >200 –29,48,15 0.02 Middle frontal gyrus Increased R 10 >200 31,52,12 0.02 Anterior cingulate cortex Increased L 32 >200 4,30,24 0.02 Posterior cingulate cortex Increased R 31 >200 3,–31,38 0.03 Inferior Parietal Lobule Increased L 40 >200 –38,–46,46 0.03 State-to-trait effects EM rsPost > EM rsBase Default Mode Network (DMN) No significant differences N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Network (CEN) Precuneus Increased L 23 >1000 –2,–42,28 0.02 Angular gyrus Increased R 39 >1000 50,–66,33 0.02 Brodmann areas (BA), number of voxels and Montreal Neurological Coordinates (MIN).
*nonparametric (1000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
- Table 3.
Correlation between Positive Diametric Activity (PDA) and Functional Connectivity (FC) in experienced meditators (EM)
Region BA Voxels MNI (x,y,z mm) p value* Meditation state effects EM Med PDA and EM FC Default Mode Network (DMN)seeds 1 and 2 No correlation N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Networkseeds 3, 4, and 5 Inferior Frontal Gyrus L 45 >200 –56,14,18 0.01 Superior temporal lobe L 22 >200 –46,–16,8 0.03 Posterioir cingulate cortex L 31 >200 –12,43,23 0.01 Inferior Parietal Lobule L40 >200 –48,–64,50 0.02 State-to-trait effects Δ PDA and Δ FC Default Mode Network (DMN)seeds 1 and 2 Posterior Cingulate Cortex L 31 >200 0,–36,34 0.02 Precuneus L 19 >200 –35,–74,34 0.02 Limbic lobe, uncus L 20 >200 –28,–22,–34 0.03 Central Executive Networkseeds 3, 4, and 5 Medial frontal lobe L 6 >200 –16,–12,60 0.02 Superior temporal lobe R 22 >200 56,2,6 0.01 ROIs 1,2,3,4 and 5 from Fig. 1Aa.
*nonparametric (1000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
- Table 4.
Correlation between meditation hours and Functional Connectivity (FC) in experienced meditators (EM)
Region R BA Voxels MNI (x,y,z mm) p value* Meditation state effects Default Mode Network (DMN)seeds 1 and 2 Middle frontal gyrus 0.87 R 10 >200 45,44,12 0.02 Central Executive Network (CEN)seeds 3, 4, and 5 No correlations N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A State-to-trait effects Default Mode Network (DMN)seeds 1 and 2 No correlations N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Network (CEN)seeds 3, 4, and 5 Posterior Cingulate Cortex 0.63 L 29 >200 –06,–44,14 0.03 Trait effects Default Mode Network (DMN)seeds 1 and 2 No correlations N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Executive Network (CEN)seeds 3, 4, and 5 Medial Frontal Gyrus 0.87 L 10 >200 –06,44,8 0.01 ROIs 1,2,3,4 and 5 from Fig. 1Aa.
*nonparametric (1000 permutations) with height threshold p < 0.05 and cluster-size FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
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