Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Seed locations from PPC (top; N = 15) and vertex groups (bottom; N = 8).
- Figure 2.
Regions showing significant change in hippocampal FC following PPC rTMS from the current study (FDR corrected, q = 0.05).
- Figure 3.
A, Average change in hippocampal-LPOC FC for subjects receiving PPC stimulation (left bar) and vertex stimulation (middle bar). Average DLPFC-LPOC FC changes for subjects receiving PPC stimulation is represented by the right bar. B, Mean changes in hippocampal FC within 17 segregated networks from Yeo et al. (2011) after PPC rTMS in this study and Wang et al., and change in GC within networks from both studies. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.0001.
- Figure 4.
Histogram representing the result of 1000 group mean differences using eight subjects from each group, where the eight PPC subjects are randomly sampled each time. The black dotted lines represent the upper (0.2536) and lower (0.1098) limit of 95% of the distribution. The observed mean difference between the PPC and vertex group is shown by the red line (0.1795).
- Figure 5.
Effect size of increases in hippocampal FC within three representative networks from Yeo et al. (2011) after PPC rTMS in this study and Wang et al. Network 1 includes cuneus and retrosplenial cortex. Network 2 includes somatosensory areas. Network 3 includes superior temporal areas.
- Figure 6.
Scatterplot of PPC rTMS-induced hippocampal FC [z(r)] changes across networks from Yeo et al. (2011). Each dot represents the rTMS-induced hippocampal FC change from the current study (x-axis) and Wang et al. (y-axis) within one of the 17 networks from Yeo et al. (2011). The black line represents the regression line across individual data points.
- Figure 7.
Correlation matrices of regions demonstrating significant (p < 0.01) changes in hippocampal (A) and global (B) FC. Matrices are sorted by baseline FC with the highest values represented at the top of the matrices on the y-axis and to the left on the x-axis. Color bars aligned with each axis represent AAL-defined regions. C, D, Identical to A, B but are sorted by region.
- Figure 8.
A, Scatterplot of baseline hippocampal FC for regions demonstrating significant (p < 0.01) changes in hippocampal FC and average rTMS-induced FC change in those regions. B, Scatterplot of baseline GC for regions demonstrating significant (p < 0.01) changes in GC and average rTMS-induced internode GC change in those regions.
Tables
Manuscript Figure Sample Data type Data structure Type of test Multiple comparison correction Program Statistics p values Confidence intervals a Current Spacing between stimulation sessions Non-normal distribution Mann–Whitney (between groups; PPC group: participants receiving 3 vs 4 d of stimulation) R W = 36 p = 0.327 Mean = 0.1092, 95% CI [–0.0743, 0.2110] b Current Average motion displacement Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (all subjects; post vs pre) R V = 167 p = 0.194 Mean = 0.0074 95% CI [–0.0032, 0.0204] c Current Average motion displacement Non-normal distribution Mann–Whitney (parietal vs vertex) R W = 199.5 p = 0.350 Mean = –0.0099 95% CI [–0.0225, 0.0096] d Current Number of censored trials Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (all subjects; post vs pre) R V = 118.5 p = 0.155 Mean = 2.5000 95% CI [–0.9999, 6.5000] e Current Number of censored trials Non-normal distribution Mann–Whitney (parietal vs vertex) R W = 218.5 p = 0.604 Mean = –2.1121 95% CI [–3.0000, 0.00004] f 2 Current Whole-brain FC analysis, retrosplenial cortex Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post hoc test, post vs pre active stimulation) Bonferroni R V = 7 p = 1.16 × 10–3 Mean = 0.1697, 95% CI [0.0654, 0.2590] g 2 Current Whole-brain FC analysis, fusiform gyrus Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post hoc test, post vs pre active stimulation) Bonferroni R V = 4 p = 4.27 × 10–4 Mean = 0.1475, 95% CI [0.0951, 0.2132] h 2 Current Whole-brain FC analysis, lateral PC Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post hoc test, post vs pre active stimulation) Bonferroni R V = 1 p = 1.22 × 10–4 Mean = 0.1331, 95% CI [0.0777, 0.2034] i 2 Current Whole-brain FC analysis, superior PC Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post hoc test, post vs pre active stimulation) Bonferroni R V = 2 p = 1.83 × 10–4 Mean = 0.1682, 95% CI [0.0815, 0.2294] j 3A Current Hippocampal-LPOC FC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post vs pre active stimulation) R V = 95 p = 0.048 Mean = 0.0867, 95% CI [0.0013, 0.2053] k 3A Current Hippocampal-LPOC FC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Mann–Whitney (between groups; PPC group vs vertex group) R W = 93 p = 0.034 Mean = 0.1367, 95% CI [0.0195, 0.3257] l 4 Current Hippocampal-LPOC FC changes Non-normal distribution Permutation test (between groups; PPC group vs vertex group) R Observed mean difference = 0.1795 95% of distribution [0.1098, 0.2536] m 3A Current Hippocampal-LPOC FC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within groups; vertex group, post vs pre active stimulation) R V = 7 p = 0.148 Mean = –0.0477, 95% CI [–0.0554, 0.2357] n 3A Current DLPFC-LPOC FC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within groups; PPC group, post vs pre active stimulation) R V = 81 p = 0.252 Mean = 0.0444, 95% CI [–0.0344, 0.1270] o 3A Current DLPFC and Hippocampal-LPOC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within groups; PPC group, DLPFC-LPOC vs hippocampal-LPOC FC) R V = 75 p = 0.421 Mean = 0.0344, 95% CI [–0.0636, 0.1593] p Current GC-LPOC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within groups; PPC group, post vs pre active stimulation) R V = 94 p = 0.055 Mean = 0.0179, 95% CI [–0.0006, 0.0434] q Current GC and Hippocampal-FC changes (a priori) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within groups; PPC group, post vs pre active stimulation) R V = 92 p = 0.073 Mean = 0.0641, 95% CI [–0.0066, 0.1547] r Current DLPFC and hippocampal target changes (control analysis) Normally distributed Paired t test (within-groups; PPC group, post vs per active stimulation) R t(14) = 0.949 p = 0.359 Mean = 0.048 95% CI [–0.061, 0.157] S Current DLPFC and stimulus location changes (control analysis) Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post vs per active stimulation) R V = 68 p = 0.679 Mean = 0.026 95% CI [–0.103, 0.121] t Current Changes in PPC GC Non-normal distribution Wilcox rank-sum (within-groups; PPC group, post vs per active stimulation) R V = 92 p = 0.073 Mean = 0.022 95% CI [–0.005, 0.050] u 3B Current Hippocampal FC changes within Yeo Networks Normally distributed Paired t test (within groups; PPC group, post vs pre active stimulation) R t(16) = 10.96 p = 7.6 × 10–9 Mean = 0.0900, 95% CI [0.0725, 0.1073] v 3B Wang et al. (2014) Hippocampal FC changes within Yeo networks Normally distributed Paired t test (within groups; PPC group, post vs pre active stimulation) R t(16) = 11.27 p = 5.10 × 10–9 Mean = 0.0169, 95% CI [0.0138, 0.0201] w 3B Both samples Hippocampal FC changes within Yeo networks Normally distributed Paired t test (between groups; current vs Wang, active stimulation) R t(32) = 8.75 p = 5.42 × 10–10 95% CI [0.0560, 0.0900] x 6 Both samples Hippocampal FC changes within Yeo networks Non-Normally distributed Spearman correlation across samples (current and Wang) R r = 0.51 p = 0.037 95% CI [0.0389, 0.7956] y Both samples GC changes within Yeo networks Non-Normally distributed Spearman correlation across samples (current and Wang) R r = 0.16 p = 0.536 95% CI [–0.3419, 0.5989] z 8 Current Hippocampal FC changes in significant regions (p < 0.01) Non-normal distribution Spearman correlation (within groups; baseline hippocampal FC and hippocampal-FC changes) R r = 0.39 p = 1.0 × 10–4 95% CI [0.2002, 0.5453] aa Current Hippocampal FC changes in significant regions (p < 0.01), outlier removed Normally distributed Pearson correlation (within groups; baseline hippocampal FC and hippocampal-FC changes) R r(92) = 0.47 p = 1.14 × 10–6 95% CI [0.2955, 0.6141] bb 8 Current GC changes in significant regions (p < 0.01) Non-normal distribution Spearman correlation (within groups; baseline GC and GC changes) R r = –0.08 p = 0.39 95% CI [–0.2593, 0.1046] Each analysis includes a letter indicator (“manuscript” column) linking the test in the table to the analysis in the text. The link to the corresponding figure, if any, and the sample used for the test are indicated in the “figure,” and “sample,” columns, respectively. The “current” sample includes tests using data from the current work, and the previous study is indicated as Wang et al. (2014), the dependent variables for each test are listed as “data type,” and the “data structure” column indicates whether the data are normally distributed. The type of test, contrast, and the groups used for the analysis are listed in the “type of test” column. The multiple correction method is listed under “multiple comparisons correction.” the program used to perform the analysis is included under “program.” The critical value and degrees of freedom are listed for each test under “statistics.” Finally, the p value and confidence intervals are listed in the final two columns. DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GC, global connectedness; LPOC, left precuneus and medial occipital cortex.
In this issue
