Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A, Scatter plot of 1st and 2nd formant of each vowel. B, Stimulus set in IPA notation. Deviant pseudowords were produced by cross-splicing the two STD pseudowords either at the end of the first syllable (XYY) or at the end of the second syllable (XXY). Two additional NEW pseudowords with a XYX structure were used only in a forced choice test at the end of experiment 2. C, In both experiments, stimuli were presented in 13 blocks separated by 20 s. Within each block, pseudowords were presented with an inter stimulus interval between 900 and 1300 ms. The first blocks consisted solely of STD pseudowords. Subsequent blocks were composed of 84% STD pseudowords 8% XYY deviant pseudowords and 8% XXY deviant pseudowords. Pseudoword order was pseudo-random. A minimum of two and a maximum of four STD pseudowords were presented between deviants and no deviants were presented more than two times consecutively.
- Figure 2.
Early prediction error elicited by both deviant types in experiments 1 (A, B) and 2 (C, D). On each panel: right, grand average over fronto-central ROI. Vertical dashed lines indicate syllable boundaries. Time 0 indicates the point at which deviance occur. Shaded areas denote 95% CI. Horizontal light gray line delimits time window of analysis. Middle gray horizontal line indicates p < 0.05 (cluster corrected). Black horizontal line indicates p < 0.01 (cluster corrected). Left top, Topography of the difference wave, mean over the time of the negative cluster. Left bottom, Individual participants’ t values calculated over mean cluster time.
- Figure 3.
A P3b response was elicited by both deviant types in experiments 1 (A, B), but not detected in experiment 2 (C, D). On each panel: right, grand average over parietal ROI. Vertical dashed lines indicate syllable boundaries. Time 0 indicates the point at which deviance occur. Shaded areas denote 95% CI. Horizontal light gray line delimits time window of analysis. Middle gray horizontal line indicates p < 0.05 (cluster corrected). Black horizontal line indicates p < 0.01 (cluster corrected). Left top, Topography of the difference wave, mean over the time of the positive cluster. Left bottom, Individual participants’ t values calculated over mean cluster time.
- Figure 4.
Comparison of signals elicited by each deviant type (difference waves, deviant minus STD). On each panel: right, grand average over fronto-central ROI (A, B) or parietal ROI (C). Trials were re-segmented and locked to the point of deviance, indicated by time 0. Shaded areas denote 95% CI. Horizontal light gray line delimits time window of interest. Middle gray horizontal line indicates p < 0.05 (cluster corrected). Black horizontal line demarks p < 0.01. Early prediction error signals detected in experiments 1 (A) and 2 (B). P3b detected in experiment 1 (C). Left, Individual participants’ t values calculated over mean cluster time.
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