Figure 3. Two axes model of dopamine integrative consensus signaling. A, Overall conceptual rendering of proposed model where midbrain dopamine integrates two primary axes of input, (1) a (dis)inhibitory axis arising from the BGS (ventral pallidum, striosomes, accumbens) and (2) a largely excitatory axis arising from distributed afferents across the brain, reflecting both top-down (e.g., cortical inputs, amygdala, hippocampus, BNST) and bottom-up information processing (e.g., collicular, multiple brainstem afferents). B, A more anatomic rendering incorporating cortical and subcortical loops through the BGS. For detailed cataloging of dopamine inputs, see Watabe-Uchida et al. (2012), Lerner et al. (2015), and Beier et al. (2015). Basal ganglia system (BGS), bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, (PPTg), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LTDg).