Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Participants completed a localizer scan, a pre-training scan, HouseFont training, and a post-training scan. The images alongside each point on the timeline are examples of the stimuli used for the neuroimaging sessions.
- Figure 2.
An example of part of a story printed in HouseFont. It reads, “Look, Father. See the ball.”
- Figure 3.
Stories increased in difficulty over the 4 d of story-level reading, but participants maintained a similar rate of words read per minute. The performance of HouseFont participants on the early reader training stories was consistent with performances seen for other artificial orthographies, KoreanFont, and FaceFont. KoreanFont and FaceFont data adapted with permission from Moore et al. (2014b).
- Figure 4.
The VWFA showed no main effect for session or orthography, but there was a significant interaction of session and orthography. The left and right PPA showed the expected significant main effect of orthography, no main effect of training, and no significicant interaction between session and orthography. Error bars indicate SE.
- Figure 5.
VWFA ROI (green) identified by the localizer scan (–34, –55, –13), and the learning effect cluster (blue) identified from the whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of activation for HouseFont versus KoreanFont from pre-training to post-training (–40, –49, –10). Red represents the overlap. Coordinates are in Talairach space.
- Figure 6.
Scatter plot of the variance explained by the pre-training to post-training change of the VWFA for reading speed. The VWFA change showed a significant positive relationship with reading speed. Reading speed scores were zero centered.
- Figure 7.
Scatter plot of the variance in reading speed explained by the response to trained orthography within the VWFA ROI. The response to the trained orthography showed a significant positive relationship with reading speed. Reading speed scores were zero centered across all three orthographies.
Tables
Week Session Tasks Baseline Localizer fMRI Pre-training fMRI Week 1 Session 1 Phoneme training
Phoneme testSession 2 Phoneme training review
Word level training
Word test (1)Session 3–5 Word level training
Word test (2–4)Week 2 Session 6–9 Story level training
Word test (5–8)Session 10 Reading test (GORT-4)
Post-training fMRI- Table 2.
Functionally defined ROIs that were applied to the pre-training and post-training data
Localizer ROICluster size (voxels) Center of mass coordinates (x,y,z) Left parahippocampal gyrus (L PPA) 33 –28, –43, –7 Right parahippocampal gyrus (R PPA) 33 26, –43, –4 Left fusiform gyrus (VWFA) 33 –34, –55, –13 Coordinates are in Talairach space.
- Table 3.
Clusters identified by the whole-brain voxel-wise analysis [trained orthography (HouseFont) vs untrained orthography (KoreanFont), pre-training to post-training]
Cluster locationCluster size (voxels) Peak coordinates (x,y,z) Left superior parietal lobe (BA7) 418 –28, –64, 44 Left precentral/inferior frontal gyrus (BA6/BA8) 322 –49, 2, 14 Right posterior cerebellum 233 17, –64, –22 Left thalamus/left caudate nucleus 197 –7, –13, 14 Right caudate 95 17, 14, 14 Left medial frontal gyrus (BA6) 95 –1, 14, 44 Left middle frontal gyrus (BA46) 81 –43, 29, 20 Left middle temporal gyrus (BA19)* 72 –49, –61, 17 Left fusiform gyrus (BA37) 68 –40, –49, –10 Left insula (BA13) 65 –31, 17, 11 All clusters were identified with a corrected p = 0.05. Coordinates are in Talairach space.
BA, Brodmann area; * indicates the cluster that displayed more activation during pre-training.
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