Asymmetrical Relationship between Prediction and Control during Visuomotor Adaptation

Schematic view of the apparatus. Top view of a participant sitting in the experimental setup (see Materials and Methods for further information).

Experimental tasks. A, Schematic view of the screen in the hand tracking condition. B, Schematic view of the screen in the eye tracking condition (see Materials and Methods for further information).

Target paths used across all experimental conditions. The blue dot shows the initial position of the target, and the arrow shows its initial direction. The paths are shown in the vertical plane (see Materials and Methods for more details).

Experimental design for each group of participants (see Materials and Methods for further information).

Typical trials under each experimental condition at various moments. A, Target, cursor, and eye position signals in the hand tracking task, during pre-exposure, early exposure, late exposure, and after exposure to the 90° visuomotor rotation. B, Same as A for eye and cursor position signals in the eye tracking task. Trials presented on the top and bottom rows were performed by two distinct participants. Although each trial was 10 s long, only 2.5 s of signals are displayed for clarity.

Time course of adaptation in each task as a function of prior experience in the other task. A, Comparison of hand tracking performance with and without prior eye tracking experience. B, Comparison of eye tracking performance with and without prior hand tracking experience. Although prior eye tracking experience did not influence hand tracking adaptation, prior hand tracking experience markedly facilitated eye tracking adaptation. Error bars represent the SEM.