Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Feedback system overview. Signals from the DBS electrodes were acquired in real time. The radius of the black circle on the computer screen was controlled based on the β-band power of the acquired bipolar signals from adjacent contacts that were selected in the pre-feedback session.
- Figure 2.
Representative DBS signals. DBS signals of Patient 2 during pre-feedback session, and at the beginning and the ending of feedback session were shown. For higher readability, the signals were bandpass filtered between 4 and 80 Hz.
- Figure 3.
Power spectra during pre- and post-feedback sessions. Blue and red lines denote the power spectrum of DBS signals during resting state before and after the feedback training, respectively. Shaded areas represent the estimated 95% confidence interval of the power spectrum among 1 s time windows. The horizontal line above the data curves shows the range of β-band used for feedback training. Frequency is shown on a log scale.
- Figure 4.
The difference in β-band power between the pre- and post-feedback sessions. The circular markers and red lines denote the down-training condition, whereas the square markers and blue lines indicate the up-training condition.
- Figure 5.
Comparison of powers between the pre- and post-feedback sessions. In common frequency bands other than β-band, difference of powers between two sessions was shown. The circular markers and red lines denote the down-training condition, whereas the square markers and blue lines indicate the up-training condition.
- Figure 6.
Power spectra of EMG during the pre- and post-feedback sessions. Solid and dashed lines denote the power spectra during resting state before and after the feedback training, respectively. Frequency is shown on a log scale. Each plot shows the patient ID in the title and the difference of β-band power at the selected DBS contacts in the post-feedback session compared to the pre-feedback session. The plots are ordered from left to right, then top panels to bottom panels, so that the differences of β-band power are sorted in ascending order.
Tables
Patient ID Age, y (sex) Duration of DBS, y UPDRS-III (On) Feedback condition Contacts Group 1 53 (M) 11 27 Lt 1–2 Down-training 2 70 (M) 4 29 Lt 1–2 Down-training 3 68 (F) 6 7 Lt 1–2 Down-training 4 52 (F) 5 20 Lt 0–1 Down-training 5 62 (F) 4 26 Lt 0–1 Up-training 6 66 (M) 9 27 Rt 1–2 Up-training 7 67 (F) 9 82 Rt 1–2 Up-training 8 66 (F) 4 31 Rt 1–2 Up-training UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III; Rt, right; Lt, left.
Patient ID Contacts Frequency, Hz Pulse width, μs Voltage 1 Lt 1 − 2− C+ 130 60 3.4 Rt 2 − 3− C+ 60 3.5 2 Lt 2 − 3− C+ 130 90 3.0 Rt 2 − 3− C+ 90 2.4 3 Lt 2− C+ 60 60 3.9 Rt 0− C+ 90 3.8 4 Lt 0 − 1− C+ 60 90 3.2 Rt 0− C+ 90 3.2 5 Lt 1− C+ 60 90 4.1 Rt 1− C+ 90 4.1 6 Lt 2 − 3− C+ 125 60 2.7 Rt 2− C+ 90 2.6 7 Lt 2− C+ 60 90 3.9 Rt 2− C+ 90 4.0 8 Lt 2 − 3− C+ 140 60 3.2 Rt 1 − 2− 3− C+ 130 90 2.8 Rt, Right; Lt, left.
Data structure Type of test Statistics a Normal distribution One-tailed unpaired t test Patient 1: t(598) = 3.286, p < 0.001
Patient 2: t(598) = 2.762, p = 0.003
Patient 3: t(598) = 3.013, p = 0.001
Patient 4: t(598) = 4.644, p < 0.001
Patient 5: t(598) = −1.241, p = 0.108
Patient 6: t(338) = −3.852, p < 0.001
Patient 7: t(598) = 0.743, p = 0.771
Patient 8: t(598) = −1.763, p = 0.039b No assumption One-tailed permutation test p = 0.009 c No assumption Two-tailed permutation test p = 0.627 d Approximate normal distribution Two-tailed unpaired t-test t(14) = 0.749, p = 0.466 Patient ID Patients’ comments after training 1 I tried to make the circle smaller by narrowing my eyes. 2 (This patient did not report.) 3 Doing something hard, but not to the extent of moving my body, made the circle smaller. I think the circle became small. 4 I was expecting the end of the task. I could not find any control strategy. 5 It seemed that narrowing my eyes made the circle smaller.
I think I performed fairly well.6 Movements of right limbs seemed to make the circle smaller.
However, neither moving my eyes nor focusing on an emotion such as happiness or sadness changed the size of the circle.7 I saw two fixation points.
Attempting to merge the points into one made the circle smaller.8 I have no idea how I could make the circle smaller; but I think the circle became small. I was expecting the end of the task.
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