Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Development of the left hemisphere temporal plane from 28 to 40 weeks PMA. HG (demarcated with white dashed lines) is forming by 28 weeks PMA and has an adult-like appearance by 40 weeks PMA. pAC and nAC are located in medial and lateral HG, respectively.
- Figure 2.
Flowchart detailing retention and follow-up of the very preterm cohort. TEA, term-equivalent age.
- Figure 3.
Changes in GM diffusion parameters with increasing age along the length of HG from medial (primary) to lateral (nonprimary). Changes are shown for (A) FA, (B) MD, (C) AD, and (D) RD. Curves are separated by age group (in weeks), indicated by color. Shading indicates ±1 SE. FT, full-term controls.
- Figure 4.
Changes in GM diffusion parameters as a function of PMA for primary (blue) and nonprimary (green) auditory cortex in HG. Changes are shown for (A) FA, (B) MD, (C) AD, and (D) RD. Curves represent results from linear mixed-effects models. Values for full-term controls are denoted by crosses (×).
- Figure 5.
Changes in WM diffusion parameters with increasing age along the length of HG from medial (primary) to lateral (nonprimary). Changes are shown for (A) FA, (B) MD, (C) AD, and (D) RD. Curves are separated by age group (in weeks), indicated by color. Shading indicates ±1 SE. FT, full-term controls.
- Figure 6.
Changes in WM diffusion parameters as a function of PMA for primary (blue) and nonprimary (green) auditory cortex in HG. Changes are shown for (A) FA, (B) MD, (C) AD, and (D) RD. Curves represent results from linear mixed-effects models. Values for full-term controls are denoted by crosses (×).
Tables
- Table 1.
Sample characteristics for children followed up at two years old, separated by room type
Open bay (n = 22) Private room (n = 24) p value Mean (SD) Birth GA (weeks) 26.3 (1.7) 27 (2.1) 0.20 Birthweight (grams) 883 (242) 983 (250) 0.17 Length of stay (days) 92 (18) 91 (25) 0.81 PMA at scan (weeks) 37.8 (1.2) 38.3 (1.5) 0.16 Maternal age (years) 29.1 (8.5) 29.8 (7.3) 0.79 Social risk score (out of 5) 1.45 (1.34) 1.30 (1.26) 0.70 n (%) Male 10 (45) 10 (42) 0.80 SGA 1 (5) 1 (4) 0.95 Infection 4 (18) 2 (9) 0.38 BPD 12 (55) 15 (68) 0.35 GA, gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
- Table 2.
Regression coefficients showing effects of age and region on diffusion parameter changes
Age2 Age Region Age × region Coefficient p value Coefficient p value Coefficient p value Coefficient p value GM FA 0.594 <0.001 −13.163 <0.001 −20.076 0.013 0.926 0.304 MD — — −4.603 0.001 −37.863 0.028 −3.533 0.068 AD — — −12.055 <0.001 −94.541 <0.001 −1.729 0.417 RD — — −1.333 0.388 −16.440 0.379 −4.457 0.035 WM FA — — 3.096 <0.001 24.853 <0.001 −1.481 0.036 MD −0.976 0.006 −10.189 0.081 −189.456 <0.001 7.976 0.001 AD −0.781 0.044 −11.068 0.092 −164.175 <0.001 5.683 0.033 RD −1.060 0.003 −9.959 0.088 −202.240 <0.001 9.130 <0.001 Bold values indicate significant effects of region and age × region interactions. Coefficient values are multiplied by 103.
- Table 3.
Regression coefficients showing associations between diffusion parameter values at term-equivalent age and language ability at two years old, controlling for room type
Receptive Expressive Coefficient Corrected p value R2 Coefficient Corrected p value R2 pGM FA −7.08 >0.99 0.04 10.83 >0.99 0.09 MD 9.43 >0.99 0.07 9.07 >0.99 0.10 AD 6.26 >0.99 0.05 9.91 >0.99 0.12 RD 9.10 >0.99 0.07 6.51 >0.99 0.09 nGM FA −10.46 >0.99 0.06 −29.39 0.04 0.23 MD 12.96 0.10 0.16 10.41 0.68 0.14 AD 8.69 0.33 0.12 1.63 >0.99 0.08 RD 11.74 0.14 0.15 13.12 0.17 0.18 pWM FA 14.06 >0.99 0.06 −2.71 >0.99 0.08 MD 2.97 >0.99 0.04 9.63 >0.99 0.12 AD 5.19 >0.99 0.06 7.96 >0.99 0.12 RD 0.44 >0.99 0.03 7.87 >0.99 0.11 nWM FA −12.37 >0.99 0.05 −14.84 >0.99 0.10 MD 0.26 >0.99 0.03 3.86 >0.99 0.09 AD −0.30 >0.99 0.03 2.27 >0.99 0.08 RD 0.57 >0.99 0.03 4.38 >0.99 0.10 Bold values indicate a significant association. Coefficient values for diffusivity measures are multiplied by 103. p/nGM, primary/nonprimary GM.
- Table 4.
Regression coefficients showing associations between diffusion parameter values at term-equivalent age and language ability at two years old, controlling for room type, social risk, and birth gestational age
Receptive Expressive Coefficient Corrected p value R2 Coefficient Corrected p value R2 pGM FA −0.83 >0.99 0.08 8.66 >0.99 0.09 MD 9.11 >0.99 0.12 9.07 >0.99 0.11 AD 7.41 >0.99 0.12 9.55 >0.99 0.12 RD 8.08 >0.99 0.12 6.85 >0.99 0.10 nGM FA −9.10 >0.99 0.10 −32.59 0.03 0.26 MD 12.11 0.22 0.19 12.85 0.37 0.17 AD 8.05 0.55 0.16 2.62 >0.99 0.09 RD 11.15 0.30 0.18 16.23 0.07 0.23 pWM FA 15.74 >0.99 0.12 −3.71 >0.99 0.08 MD 1.78 >0.99 0.09 9.53 >0.99 0.13 AD 4.39 >0.99 0.10 7.80 >0.99 0.12 RD −0.50 >0.99 0.08 7.98 >0.99 0.11 nWM FA −8.82 >0.99 0.09 −19.28 >0.99 0.11 MD −0.06 >0.99 0.08 5.11 >0.99 0.11 AD −0.47 >0.99 0.09 3.10 >0.99 0.09 RD 0.20 >0.99 0.08 5.68 >0.99 0.12 Bold values indicate a significant association. Coefficient values for diffusivity measures are multiplied by 103. p/nGM, primary/nonprimary GM.
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