Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Schematic of experimental setup. The fixation point (FP) and the target lights are represented by red circles. Only one red light was illuminated at a time during the actual experimental procedure. The participant began each trial with their right pointer finger depressed on the start button (SB).
- Figure 2.
Timeline of trial events. Schematic representation of trial events across time in the double-step pointing task. Adapted from Johnson and Haggard (2002).
- Figure 3.
Primary saccade RT in response to initial target appearance. RT is presented as a function of dopaminergic medication status for PD participants (n = 14) and matched controls (n = 14). The mean values are presented with the error bars reflecting standard error about the mean.
- Figure 4.
Primary hand RT in response to initial target appearance. RT is presented as a function of dopaminergic medication status for PD participants (n = 14) and matched controls (n = 14). The mean values are presented with the error bars reflecting standard error about the mean. *p < 0.05.
- Figure 5.
Movement duration (MD) difference scores compared to zero. (A) PD patients (n = 14). (B) Controls (n = 14). MD differences are displayed for each medication status and target jump size. Participants performed the task in either the ON-OFF or OFF-ON medication orders. The error bars reflect a 95% confidence interval. MD difference scores are significantly above 0 for healthy controls but not PD patients. *p < 0.05.
- Figure 6.
Mean trajectory plots for reaches originally directed to T3 for (A) PD patients off dopaminergic medication, (B) controls off dopaminergic medication, (C) PD patients on dopaminergic medication, and (D) controls on dopaminergic medication. Black line represents the baseline reach to stationary T3. PD patients do not significantly differ from controls at the point of divergence for any of the reach comparisons both on and off of dopaminergic therapy.
- Figure 7.
Mean trajectory plots for reaches originally directed to T5 for (A) PD patients off dopaminergic medication, (B) controls off dopaminergic medication, (C) PD patients on dopaminergic medication, and (D) controls on dopaminergic medication. Black line represents the baseline reach to stationary T5. PD patients do not significantly differ from controls at the point of divergence for any of the reach comparisons both on and off of dopaminergic therapy.
- Figure 8.
Percentage of correct responses in target jump judgment two-alternative forced choice task. Correct responses are shown as a function of target jump size. Means of the percentage of correct responses are collapsed across medication status for both groups (nPD = 14, ncontrol = 14). The error bars reflect standard error about the mean. ***p < 0.001.
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic and clinical information and screening cognitive and affective measures for participants with PD and controls
Group n Age (y) Education (y) Diagnosis duration (y) Levodopa dose (mg equivalent) UPDRS score ANART score BDI-II score BAI score Apathy score MOCA score Day 1 PD 14 65.21 (2.33) 15.79 (0.86) 6.22 (1.32) 637.77 (98.92) — — 10.57 (1.17) 9.21 (1.53) 11.57 (1.33) — On 7 62.86 (3.64) 15.57 (1.39) 6.86 (1.61) 620.32 (106.93) 8.78 (1.54) 127.32 (2.31) 8.71 (1.77) 6.00 (1.18) 8.86 (0.70) 27.57 (0.61) Off 7 67.57 (2.9) 16.00 (1.11) 5.57 (1.91) 655.21 (158.24) 11.07 (1.32) — 12.43 (1.31) 12.42 (2.30) 14.28 (2.18) — Control 14 64.27 (2.45) 16.13 (0.79) — — — — 2.29 (0.67) 2.36 (0.84) 9.14(1.16) — On 8 63.0 (3.03) 15.89 (0.86) — — 0.13 (0.13) — 2.50 (0.98) 1.75 (0.70) 9.38 (1.64) — Off 6 66.17 (3.82) 16.50 (1.67) — — 0.00 128.70 (1.30) 2.00 (0.93) 3.17 (2.00) 8.83 (1.76) 28.83 (0.48) Day 2 PD 14 65.21 (2.33) 15.79 (0.86) 6.22 (1.32) 637.77 (98.92) — — 10.86 (1.49) 7.64 (1.23) 11.71 (1.69) — On 7 67.57 (2.9) 16.00 (1.11) 5.57 (1.91) 655.21 (158.24) 10.35 (1.93) 127.54 (1.55) 13.43 (2.42) 8.86 (2.13) 16.14 (2.09) 27.29 (0.36) Off 7 62.86 (3.64) 15.57 (1.39) 6.86 (1.61) 620.32 (106.93) 11.28 (1.59) — 8.29 (1.25) 6.43 (1.21) 7.28 (1.22) — Control 14 64.27 (2.45) 16.13 (0.79) — — — — 2.21 (0.51) 2.14 (0.96) 8.57 (1.01) — On 6 66.17 (3.82) 16.50 (1.67) — — 0.00 — 2.50 (0.62) 3.00 (2.05) 9.33 (1.54) — Off 8 63.0 (3.03) 15.89 (0.86) — — 0.13 (0.13) 127.10 (1.66) 2.00 (0.80) 1.50 (0.78) 8.00 (1.40) 27.63 (0.50) Values are presented as group means (SEM). Screening cognitive and affective measures were completed by participants with PD on medication and by healthy controls off medication. All control participants presented with normal neurologic examinations. Session 1 refers to the first day of testing. Session 2 refers to the second day of testing. UPDRS, Unified PD Rating Scale; ANART, National Adult Reading Test IQ Estimation; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II score; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory I score; Apathy, Apathy Evaluation Scale score; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment measured for participants with PD and for matched control participants..
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