Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Example trials of the FOE paradigm. Participants confronted a HP and a LP opponent alternatingly. In the escape phase, they could choose whether to fight (upper row) or avoid the encounter (lower row). Fighting led to the punishment selection phase, followed by a reaction time task in which they had to press any button faster than their alleged opponent. In the outcome phase, participants were informed of whether they won or lost and, in the latter case, received the corresponding sound blast through the headphones. If they chose to avoid the trial, they had a short pause. Avoidance decisions were limited to 5 out of 20 trials per run (three runs in total). The fixation cross is only depicted for the avoidance trial, but appeared between all trials regardless of the participant’s decision. For details, see Materials and Methods.
- Figure 2.
A, Cumulative proportion of participants who used all avoidance options in each trial. B, Mean avoidance by run and provocation. C, Mean aggression by run and provocation. D, Reaction times in the escape phase by decision and provocation. E, HR results in the selection phase by provocation. All values in this figure are mean ± SE. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
- Figure 3.
A, Avoid > fight contrast. Avoid decisions were linked with activation in regions such as the medial frontal gyrus (mPFC), the TPJ, the PCC extending into the ventral precuneus, and the right IFG. B, Fight > avoid contrast. Fight decisions were associated with increased activation in bilateral somatomotor cortex, OFC, ventral thalamus, and dorsal precuneus. Statistical parametric maps are thresholded and presented at p < 0.001, pFWE < 0.05 cluster-level corrected; N = 27.
- Figure 4.
Avoid high > avoid low: fight low > fight high contrast. A, Amygdala (Amy), precuneus (Prec), cuneus, and posterior cerebellar clusters. Statistical parametric maps are thresholded and presented at p < 0.001, pFWE < 0.05 cluster-level corrected. B, Contrast values by decision and provocation in basolateral amygdala (above) and precuneus (below). Values are mean ± SE within a 7.5 mm sphere around the local peak; N = 27.
- Figure 5.
Avoid low > avoid high: fight high > fight low. A, Clusters in sgACC extending into the rostral mPFC, in TPJ, and in IFG. Statistical parametric maps are thresholded and presented at p < 0.001, pFWE < 0.05 cluster-level corrected. B, Contrast values by decision and provocation in mPFC (above), IFG (below left), and TPJ (below right). Values are mean ± SE within a 7.5 mm sphere around the local peak; N = 27.
- Figure 6.
A, High > low provocation contrast in the punishment selection phase. High provocation elicited activation in PAG extending to the ventral thalamus, precuneus, supplementary motor area (SMA), TPJ, and IFG among others. B, Contrast values by provocation in the PAG. Values are mean ± SE within a 7.5 mm sphere around the local peak. C, Won > lost contrast in the outcome phase. Winning was associated with activity in VS, middle frontal and inferior occipital areas among others. D, Lost > won contrast in the outcome phase. Losing was related to activity in AI, superior temporal gyrus, and lingual gyrus among other regions. Statistical parametric maps are thresholded and presented at p < 0.001, pFWE < 0.05 cluster-level corrected; N = 36.
Tables
Region/contrast k Peak T x y z a) Avoid > fight Superior temporal gyrus 10182 9.63 65.5 −49.5 20 9.49 50.5 −42 20 9.23 58 −52 10 IFG 322 6.43 63 23 12.5 5.42 55.5 25.5 5 4.84 50.5 40.5 12.5 Middle frontal gyrus 1067 6.29 25.5 25.5 37.5 Superior frontal gyrus 5.88 18 53 40 Medial frontal gyrus 5.85 0.5 58 7.5 b) Fight > avoid Superior frontal gyrus 9856 10.09 −22 −2 65 9.69 28 −7 57.5 Supplementary motor area 9.60 −7 10.5 45 Anterior cerebellum 193 7.81 30.5 −52 −32.5 5.55 20.5 −54.5 −22.5 Precuneus 276 7.43 18 −67 55 Ventral thalamus 156 6.06 −9.5 −17 2.5 4.22 0.5 −29.5 2.5 3.47 3 −19.5 −5 Superior occipital gyrus 164 5.88 18 −97 15 5.18 13 −99.5 2.5 c) Avoid high > avoid low: fight low > fight high Anterior cerebellum 648 7.33 40.5 −52 −30 Posterior cerebellum 4.55 8 −72 −20 4.26 18 −72 −22.5 Cuneus 2747 6.67 −17 −57 25 Middle occipital gyrus 6.66 −32 −74.5 25 Cuneus 6.18 13 −79.5 27.5 Posterior cerebellum 287 5.53 −27 −69.5 −27.5 4.97 −34.5 −52 −30 Lingual gyrus 308 5.45 13 −47 2.5 4.58 23 −64.5 −5 3.82 23 −49.5 7.5 Amygdala 182 5.34 30.5 3 −22.5 Temporal pole 5.13 43 10.5 −17.5 Inferior frontal cortex 4.25 30.5 15.5 −22.5 Supplementary motor area 259 4.78 28 10.5 62.5 4.57 13 −4.5 60 4.33 13 −14.5 60 d) Avoid low > avoid high: fight high > fight low Middle frontal gyrus 4812 7.48 28 53 0 Middle frontal gyrus 6.99 −24.5 40.5 25 Postcentral gyrus 6.30 −32 −22 35 Postcentral gyrus 238 6.72 53 −9.5 35 5.39 63 −4.5 30 4.36 55.5 −9.5 22.5 Inferior parietal lobe 232 5.66 55.5 −57 42.5 5.00 53 −37 40 4.68 55.5 −64.5 30 n = 27, p < 0.001, pFWE < 0.05 cluster-level corrected.
Region k Peak T x y z a) High > low selection phase IFG 790 6.50 50.5 20.5 5 5.48 43 30.5 −2.5 5.00 28 −4.5 2.5 429 5.53 43 −52 45 4.22 55.5 −47 37.5 4.11 38 −67 55 PCC 1691 5.47 13 −44.5 35 Calcarine sulcus 5.24 −14.5 −62 17.5 Precentral gyrus 4.79 −39.5 −24.5 57.5 PAG 218 5.39 15.5 −24.5 −15 5.16 3 −24.5 −5 Putamen 129 4.94 25.5 8 −10 3.68 18 0.5 −15 Supplementary motor area 241 4.90 10.5 −2 67.5 4.21 8 10.5 62.5 3.86 −2 −4.5 65 OFC 99 4.88 −32 18 −17.5 4.21 −32 33 −10 Middle occipital gyrus 93 4.41 −47 −84.5 7.5 Middle temporal gyrus 4.34 −59.5 −69.5 5 3.91 −52 −74.5 10 Midcingulate cortex 82 4.19 8 5.5 40 3.73 −9.5 8 40 b) Won > lost outcome phase Inferior occipital gyrus 805 7.48 −19.5 −97 −5 5.60 −27 −94.5 12.5 5.11 −17 −99.5 12.5 Fusiform gyrus 1568 6.82 35.5 −44.5 −22.5 Inferior occipital gyrus 6.23 28 −92 −5 5.73 20.5 −97 0 VS 246 6.49 13 13 −10 SMG 724 6.06 −47 −67 35 4.96 −54.5 −49.5 50 4.63 −44.5 −57 42.5 Superior temporal gyrus 529 5.67 55.5 −59.5 32.5 5.06 50.5 −62 45 3.95 55.5 −47 50 IFG 259 5.29 50.5 38 −10 4.49 40.5 55.5 −7.5 Middle frontal gyrus 1763 5.04 −29.5 23 45 Medial prefrontal cortex 4.68 −4.5 60.5 15 Middle frontal gyrus 4.54 −14.5 43 42.5 VS 192 4.90 −12 3 −15 4.68 −12 13 −12.5 3.33 −9.5 18 2.5 Middle frontal gyrus 537 4.67 38 10.5 47.5 4.57 23 23 57.5 4.08 13 35.5 52.5 IFG 463 4.60 −37 50.5 −7.5 4.60 −47 43 −10 4.30 −54.5 30.5 2.5 c) Lost > won outcome phase Superior temporal gyrus 3055 22.95 −47 −24.5 7.5 18.72 −54.5 −32 12.5 17.28 −39.5 −32 12.5 Superior temporal gyrus 3331 22.71 50.5 −19.5 7.5 19.21 65.5 −27 12.5 AI 6.58 38 25.5 5 Lingual gyrus 293 5.19 20.5 −59.5 5 3.55 15.5 −72 25 n = 36, p < 0.001, pFWE < 0.05 cluster-level corrected.
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