Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Average power spectra at each channel for CAL (left) and NFB (right) conditions. Frontal and temporoparietal channels are represented by black and gray lines, respectively, and left and right channels in these regions are represented by solid and dashed lines, respectively.
- Figure 2.
Log10-transformed EEG power in the 0- to 30-Hz range measured in females (white) and males (gray) at each channel for NFB (left) and CAL (right), shown in the form of violin plots (Hintze and Nelson, 1998). Filled circles represent the median, and the first and third quartiles are identified by the bottom and top of the bold vertical lines, respectively. The bottom and top of the thin vertical line represent the lower and upper adjacent values, respectively. Females had slightly higher power at all channels, regardless of task.
- Figure 3.
Standard deviation of the average band power across ages (x-axis) plotted with the average standard deviation of each band power across participants within each age (y-axis). Within-age SD was calculated by calculating the SD across participants at each given age. Ages 78+ all had two or fewer participants, so we grouped them into a single age bin. Mean within-age SD (y-axis) was calculated as the average within-age SD. Between-age SD (x-axis) was calculated by first computing the mean band power for each individual age, then calculating the SD across these values.
- Figure 4.
Delta band power plotted against age for males (gray symbols) and females (white symbols). Each point represents the mean for that age; symbol size represents how many individuals were used to compute the mean. Regression was used to compute the best-fitting curves separately for males (solid line) and females (dashed line), and the shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 5.
Theta band power plotted against age for males (gray symbols) and females (white symbols). Each point represents the mean for that age; symbol size represents how many individuals were used to compute the mean. Regression was used to compute the best-fitting curves separately for males and females, and the shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 6.
Alpha band power plotted against age for males (gray symbols) and females (white symbols). Each point represents the mean for that age; symbol size represents how many individuals were used to compute the mean. Regression was used to compute the best-fitting curves separately for males and females, and the shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 7.
Beta band power plotted against age for males (gray symbols) and females (white symbols). Each point represents the mean for that age; symbol size represents how many individuals were used to compute the mean. Regression was used to compute the best-fitting curves separately for males and females, and the shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 8.
Alpha peak frequency plotted against age for males (gray symbols) and females (white symbols). Each point represents the mean for that age; symbol size represents how many individuals were used to compute the mean. Regression was used to compute the best-fitting curves separately for males and females, and the shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 9.
Alpha asymmetry measured at frontal (top) and temporoparietal (bottom) electrodes plotted against age for males (gray symbols) and females (white symbols). Each point represents the mean for that age; symbol size represents how many individuals were used to compute the mean. Regression was used to compute the best-fitting curves separately for males and females, and the shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals.
Tables
Age (years) Male Female Total 18–19 48 17 65 20–29 854 324 1178 30–39 1227 419 1646 40–49 1059 359 1418 50–59 708 344 1052 60–69 400 166 566 70–79 77 20 97 ≥80 6 1 7 Total 4379 1650 6029 For each user, data were averaged for up to five sessions.
- Table 2.
Regression coefficients (rounded to nearest 0.00001) estimated for each measure and channel in the CAL condition.
Measure Channel Intercept Age Age2 Sex Age × sex Age2 × sex R2 Age (m) Age (f) Age2 (m) Age2 (f) δ AF7 0.43339† –0.00152*** 0.00010*** –0.03076* 0.00028 0.00010 0.210† δ AF8 0.42873† –0.00201† 0.00013† –0.03468* 0.00101 0.00009 0.280† δ TP9 0.95463† –0.00312† 0.00011† 0.01803 –0.00095 0.00004 0.482† δ TP10 0.94772† –0.00320† 0.00013† 0.02609* –0.00074 0.00001 0.535† θ AF7 –0.13675† –0.00064* 0.00007*** 0.01798 0.00084 0.00013** 0.380† –0.00064* 0.00021 0.00007*** 0.00020† θ AF8 –0.15823† –0.00095** 0.00008*** –0.00064 0.00091 0.00011* 0.282† –0.00095** –0.00004 0.00008*** 0.00019† θ TP9 0.43667† –0.00191† 0.00006** 0.01132 0.00025 0.00008* 0.393† –0.00191† –0.00166*** 0.00006** 0.00013*** θ TP10 0.41830† –0.00225† 0.00009† 0.03257*** 0.00018 0.00005 0.515† α AF7 –0.32292† 0.00090** 0.00006** 0.11225† 0.00116* 0.00009* 0.798† 0.00090*** 0.00206† 0.00006*** 0.00015† α AF8 –0.36987† 0.00071* 0.00007*** 0.07154† 0.00068 0.00008* 0.645† 0.00071* 0.00139** 0.00007*** 0.00016† α TP9 0.45606† –0.00139† –0.00004* –0.01559 0.00040 0.00015*** 0.229† –0.00139*** –0.00099 –0.00004* 0.00011** α TP10 0.47902† –0.00145† –0.00000 0.00667 0.00000 0.00012* 0.228† –0.00145*** –0.00144** –0.00000 0.00011** β AF7 –0.08567† 0.00242† 0.00009** 0.26647† 0.00072 0.00001 0.846† β AF8 –0.15873† 0.00318† 0.00008** 0.20429† –0.00027 –0.00000 0.810† β TP9 0.34545† 0.00173† –0.00005** 0.05945† 0.00008 0.00009* 0.608† 0.00173† 0.00181*** –0.00005** 0.00004 β TP10 0.37780† 0.00224† –0.00000 0.07855† –0.00085 0.00007 0.589† α Peak AF7 10.28787† –0.02162† 0.00010 –0.00010† 0.00122 0.00002 0.510† α Peak AF8 10.22824† –0.01597† 0.00018 –0.29203*** –0.00341 0.00024 0.351† α Peak TP9 9.57089† –0.01469† 0.00002 0.02296 –0.00592* –0.00010 0.584† –0.01469† –0.02060† 0.00002 –0.00008 α Peak TP10 9.60727† –0.01367† –0.00004 0.06327 –0.00426 –0.00007 0.567† α Asym AF8–AF7 –0.04695† –0.00018 0.00002 –0.04071† –0.00048 –0.00001 0.338† α Asym TP10–TP9 0.02296† –0.00006 0.00004† 0.02225† –0.00039 –0.00004 0.220† Bolded rows indicate cases where R 2 ≥ 0.5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, †p < 0.0001.
- Table 3.
Regression coefficients (rounded to nearest 0.00001) estimated for each measure and channel in the NFB condition.
Measure Channel Intercept Age Age2 Sex Age × sex Age2 × sex R 2 Age (m) Age (f) Age2 (m) Age2 (f) δ AF7 0.29099† –0.00202† 0.00013† –0.02249 0.00133 0.00011 0.267† δ AF8 0.28779† –0.00267† 0.00013† –0.02768 0.00130 0.00012* 0.319† –0.00267† –0.00137 0.00013† 0.00025† δ TP9 0.76347† –0.00388† 0.00011† –0.00821 –0.00021 0.00006 0.620† δ TP10 0.74835† –0.00418† 0.00014† 0.00111 0.00013 –0.00000 0.662† θ AF7 –0.24320† –0.00136† 0.00008† 0.02290* 0.00207*** 0.00010* 0.412† –0.00136† 0.00071 0.00008*** 0.00019† θ AF8 –0.26573† –0.00146† 0.00007*** 0.00793 0.00161** 0.00013** 0.365† –0.00146† 0.00015 0.00007** 0.00021† θ TP9 0.35367† –0.00196† 0.00004* –0.02996** 0.00082 0.00014*** 0.373† –0.00196† –0.00113* 0.00004* 0.00017† θ TP10 0.31149† –0.00262† 0.00009† –0.00430 0.00087 0.00010* 0.480† –0.00262† –0.00175*** 0.00009† 0.00018† α AF7 –0.39869† 0.00123† 0.00007*** 0.11474† 0.00206*** 0.00008* 0.815† 0.00123† 0.00329† 0.00007*** 0.00015† α AF8 –0.44195† 0.00101** 0.00006*** 0.08223† 0.00142* 0.00010* 0.712† 0.00101** 0.00243† 0.00006** 0.00016† α TP9 0.48919† 0.00049 –0.00005* –0.02840* 0.00065 0.00016** 0.105** 0.00049 0.00114 –0.00005* 0.00011** α TP10 0.47046† 0.00024 –0.00002 –0.00498 0.00052 0.00013** 0.087** 0.00024 0.00075 –0.00002 0.00012** β AF7 –0.18422† 0.00197† 0.00011*** 0.26647† 0.00174* 0.00004 0.868† 0.00197† 0.00372† 0.00011† 0.00015** β AF8 –0.23850† 0.00233† 0.00008** 0.21553† 0.00046 0.00003 0.813† β TP9 0.29314† 0.00206† –0.00005** 0.05542† 0.00067 0.00012** 0.669† 0.00206† 0.00273† –0.00005** 0.00006* β TP10 0.28957† 0.00216† 0.00000 0.08575† 0.00011 0.00007 0.675† α Peak AF7 9.72796† –0.03847† 0.00052*** –0.03651 0.00159 –0.00028 0.779† α Peak AF8 9.82156† –0.03457† 0.00010 –0.05259 –0.00074 –0.00009 0.665† α Peak TP9 9.46783† –0.01795† 0.00001 0.11219* –0.00647* –0.00032 0.723† –0.01795† –0.02442† 0.00001 –0.00030 α Peak TP10 9.54145† –0.01891† –0.00000 0.06429 –0.00865*** 0.00004 0.768† –0.01891† –0.02756† 0.00000 0.00004 α Asym AF8–AF7 –0.04326† –0.00022 –0.00000 –0.03251† –0.00064 0.00002 0.235† α Asym TP10–TP9 –0.01873† –0.00025 0.00004† 0.02342† –0.00013 –0.00003 0.246† Bolded rows indicate cases where R2 ≥ 0.5. significance levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, †p < 0.0001.
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