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Review, Sensory and Motor Systems

Organization of the Mammalian Locomotor CPG: Review of Computational Model and Circuit Architectures Based on Genetically Identified Spinal Interneurons

Ilya A. Rybak, Kimberly J. Dougherty and Natalia A. Shevtsova
eNeuro 8 September 2015, 2 (5) ENEURO.0069-15.2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0069-15.2015
Ilya A. Rybak
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
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Kimberly J. Dougherty
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
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Natalia A. Shevtsova
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
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Abstract

The organization of neural circuits that form the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) and provide flexor–extensor and left–right coordination of neuronal activity remains largely unknown. However, significant progress has been made in the molecular/genetic identification of several types of spinal interneurons, including V0 (V0D and V0V subtypes), V1, V2a, V2b, V3, and Shox2, among others. The possible functional roles of these interneurons can be suggested from changes in the locomotor pattern generated in mutant mice lacking particular neuron types. Computational modeling of spinal circuits may complement these studies by bringing together data from different experimental studies and proposing the possible connectivity of these interneurons that may define rhythm generation, flexor–extensor interactions on each side of the cord, and commissural interactions between left and right circuits. This review focuses on the analysis of potential architectures of spinal circuits that can reproduce recent results and suggest common explanations for a series of experimental data on genetically identified spinal interneurons, including the consequences of their genetic ablation, and provides important insights into the organization of the spinal CPG and neural control of locomotion.

  • central pattern generator
  • computational modeling
  • flexor–extensor coordination
  • genetically identified neurons
  • left–right coordination
  • locomotion
  • spinal cord

Footnotes

  • The authors declare no competing financial interests.

  • This study was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants NS081713 and NS090919 to I.A.R.; and NS095366 to K.J.D.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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eneuro: 2 (5)
eNeuro
Vol. 2, Issue 5
September/October 2015
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Organization of the Mammalian Locomotor CPG: Review of Computational Model and Circuit Architectures Based on Genetically Identified Spinal Interneurons
Ilya A. Rybak, Kimberly J. Dougherty, Natalia A. Shevtsova
eNeuro 8 September 2015, 2 (5) ENEURO.0069-15.2015; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0069-15.2015

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Organization of the Mammalian Locomotor CPG: Review of Computational Model and Circuit Architectures Based on Genetically Identified Spinal Interneurons
Ilya A. Rybak, Kimberly J. Dougherty, Natalia A. Shevtsova
eNeuro 8 September 2015, 2 (5) ENEURO.0069-15.2015; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0069-15.2015
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  • Article
    • Visual Overview
    • Abstract
    • Significance Statement
    • Introduction
    • Models of the locomotor CPG
    • Spinal interneurons identified from developmental and genetic studies
    • Spinal interneurons involved in locomotor rhythm generation: Shox2 cells
    • Ipsilaterally projecting, excitatory V2a interneurons
    • Flexor–extensor asymmetry in the organization of locomotor activity
    • Left–right coordination of activity in the spinal cord: frequency-dependent role of V0D and V0V CINs
    • Axon guidance and left–right coordination: role of Netrin-1, DCC, and EphA4
    • Flexor–extensor alternation: role of V1 and V2b interneurons
    • Conclusions
    • Footnotes
    • References
    • Synthesis
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • eLetters
  • PDF

Keywords

  • central pattern generator
  • computational modeling
  • flexor–extensor coordination
  • genetically identified neurons
  • left–right coordination
  • locomotion
  • spinal cord

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