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Research ArticleResearch Article: New Research, Cognition and Behavior

Emotions in the Brain Are Dynamic and Contextually Dependent: Using Music to Measure Affective Transitions

Matthew E. Sachs, Mariusz S. Kozak, Kevin N. Ochsner and Christopher Baldassano
eNeuro 30 June 2025, 12 (7) ENEURO.0184-24.2025; https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0184-24.2025
Matthew E. Sachs
1Center for Science and Society, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Mariusz S. Kozak
2Departments of Music, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Kevin N. Ochsner
3Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Christopher Baldassano
3Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Article Information

DOI 
https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0184-24.2025
PubMed 
40588361
Published By 
Society for Neuroscience
History 
  • Received April 29, 2024
  • Revision received March 24, 2025
  • Accepted April 14, 2025
  • Published online June 30, 2025.
Copyright & Usage 
Copyright © 2025 Sachs et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

Author Information

  1. Matthew E. Sachs1,
  2. Mariusz S. Kozak2,
  3. Kevin N. Ochsner3 and
  4. Christopher Baldassano3
  1. 1Center for Science and Society, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
  2. 2Departments of Music, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
  3. 3Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
  1. Correspondence should be addressed to Matthew E. Sachs at ms5924{at}columbia.edu.
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Author contributions

  1. Author contributions: M.E.S., M.S.K., K.N.O., and C.B. designed research; M.E.S. performed research; M.E.S. and C.B. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; M.E.S. and C.B. analyzed data; M.E.S., K.N.O., and C.B. wrote the paper.

Disclosures

  • The authors declare no competing financial interests.

  • We thank Ryan Powell, Sanjay Pamaar, Hunter Hanson, and New York University's Screen Scoring program for composing the musical stimuli. We also thank Anahita Akhavan, Yumiko Wiranto, and Emma Peasley for assisting with data collection. This work was supported by internal research funding by the Center for Science and Society at Columbia University, awarded to M.E.S. and an NIA Grant (R56AG057202) awarded to K.N.O. The funders have/had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Funding

  • National Institute of Aging

    R56AG057202

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eneuro: 12 (7)
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July 2025
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Emotions in the Brain Are Dynamic and Contextually Dependent: Using Music to Measure Affective Transitions
Matthew E. Sachs, Mariusz S. Kozak, Kevin N. Ochsner, Christopher Baldassano
eNeuro 30 June 2025, 12 (7) ENEURO.0184-24.2025; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0184-24.2025

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Emotions in the Brain Are Dynamic and Contextually Dependent: Using Music to Measure Affective Transitions
Matthew E. Sachs, Mariusz S. Kozak, Kevin N. Ochsner, Christopher Baldassano
eNeuro 30 June 2025, 12 (7) ENEURO.0184-24.2025; DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0184-24.2025
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Keywords

  • emotion transitions
  • emotional dynamics
  • encoding models
  • fMRI
  • hidden Markov modeling; music

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