Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Proteoglycans and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Proteoglycans consist of a protein core (brown) and one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains (dark blue, HS, heparan sulfate; yellow, CS/DS, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate; light blue, KS, keratan sulfate). Membrane proteoglycans either span the plasma membrane (Type I membrane proteins) or are linked by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Extracellular matrix proteoglycans are usually secreted, but some proteoglycans can be proteolytically cleaved and shed from the cell surface (data not shown). Reprinted with permission from Merry et al. (2022). HS, heparan sulfate, CS/DS, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, KS, keratan sulfate.
- Figure 2.
CSF chondroitin sulfate disaccharide concentration. Concentration of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides within cerebrospinal fluid samples. Concentration is measured in ng/ml with D0a4/D2a0 disaccharide showing the highest average concentration and a statistically significant difference from the rest of the disaccharides (p < 0.005).
- Figure 3.
CSF heparan sulfate disaccharide concentration. Concentration of heparan sulfate disaccharides in CSF samples. Concentrations are measured in ng/ml with the D0A0 disaccharide having the highest mean concentration and statistically significant value compared with the rest of the disaccharides (p < 0.0005).
- Figure 4.
CSF versus plasma chondroitin sulfate concentration. Plasma and CSF sGAG concentrations (ng/ml) of chondroitin sulfate plotted against one another and separated into groups denoting isolated head trauma or multitrauma. No correlation was observed either within the groups or between the groups. The linear regression of each of the individual groups was also not found to be significant. Blue represents isolated head trauma, orange represents multitrauma.
- Figure 5.
CSF versus plasma heparan sulfate concentration. Plasma and CSF sGAG concentrations (ng/ml) of heparan sulfate plotted against one another and separated into groups denoting isolated head trauma or multitrauma. No correlation was observed either within the groups or between the groups. The linear regression of each of the individual groups was also not found to be significant. While plasma levels on average were higher in multitrauma patients compared with those with isolated head injury, these differences were not significant. Blue represents isolated head trauma, orange represents multitrauma.
- Figure 6.
Distance from lateral ventricle compared with heparan sulfate sGAG concentration. Heparan sulfate concentration in CSF samples plotted against distance from the lateral ventricle where the external ventricular drain was placed. Pearson’s correlation was found to be −0.75 with a p-value of 0.048. This effect was not found in chondroitin sulfate CSF samples.
Tables
Imaging feature Scoring Range of points Extradural injury (skull fracture or hematoma) Absent = 0, present = 1 0–1 Supratentorial parenchymal hemorrhage 1 point for present in each lobe (right and left) 0–8 Subdural and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage 1 point for present over each lobe (right and left) 0–8 Posterior fossa hemorrhage (parenchymal, subdural, or subarachnoid) 1 point if 1–2 cm, 2 points if larger 0–2 Intraventricular hemorrhage >5 mm 1 point 0–1 Midline shift >1 cm 1 point 0–1 Total possible points 0–21 - Table 2.
Time (hours) from injury to first CSF sample collection for 9 subjects from Site 1
Subject Time from Injury (hours) 1 71.98 2 46.83 3 38.43 4 64.38 5 70.07 6 85.95 7 89.58 8 86.83 9 115.05 Mean (SD) 74.35 (23.32) Time from injury to initial CSF sample collection. Specific timing data available for 9 of the 10 subjects recruited from Site 1. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; SD, standard deviation.
01-01 01-02 01-03 01-04 01-05 01-06 01-07 01-08 02-01 02-02 02-03 Mean D0a0 31.87 15.78 68.89 3.68 14.29 111.69 8.36 35.41 30.08 10.61 9.12 30.89 D0a4/D2a0 144.30 73.04 341.65 17.77 128.07 506.26 58.97 144.81 165.91 115.58 76.32 161.15 D0a6 22.74 7.50 51.83 1.05 21.39 34.13 16.59 53.31 54.48 8.59 8.64 25.48 D2a4 2.63 1.20 4.10 0.17 1.86 5.64 0.88 2.32 2.36 5.17 1.70 2.55 D2a6 1.82 0.61 2.70 0.02 1.97 5.95 0.94 2.32 2.20 2.61 7.28 2.58 D0a10 9.42 4.62 19.49 1.11 7.19 28.71 3.49 10.78 16.83 5.19 6.14 10.27 D2a10 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.03 Chondroitin sulfate disaccharide concentrations in CSF of 11 subjects [8 subjects from Site 1 (01-xx) and 3 subjects from Site 2 (02-xx)]. Three subject samples are not individually available for inclusion in this table but are incorporated into Figure 2.
01-01 01-02 01-03 01-04 01-05 01-06 01-07 01-08 02-01 02-02 02-03 Mean D0H0 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.58 0.00 0.02 0.37 0.06 0.00 0.10 D0A0 20.05 3.16 36.08 1.60 20.82 33.99 8.62 17.98 33.36 16.62 11.20 18.50 D0H6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 D2H0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 D0S0 5.12 2.00 8.82 0.22 5.55 8.07 2.38 4.33 7.97 4.04 2.89 4.67 D0A6 4.28 1.40 5.71 0.17 2.91 4.26 1.19 2.16 2.90 2.48 1.83 2.66 D2A0 0.24 0.02 0.27 0.00 0.41 0.53 0.18 0.22 0.35 0.51 0.27 0.27 D2H6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.48 0.06 0.04 0.31 0.40 0.23 0.17 D0S6 1.03 0.08 0.96 0.00 2.36 2.79 0.72 1.04 1.62 2.37 1.33 1.30 D2S0 3.62 1.32 4.58 0.10 10.61 5.33 1.50 1.80 3.62 3.86 2.58 3.54 D2A6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 D2S6 1.99 0.54 2.66 0.00 2.50 2.45 0.66 1.78 1.57 2.34 1.36 1.62 Heparan sulfate disaccharide concentrations in CSF of 11 subjects [8 subjects from Site 1 (01-xx) and 3 subjects from Site 2 (02-xx)]. Three subject samples are not individually available for inclusion in this table but are incorporated into Figure 3.
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