Action Intentions Reactivate Representations of Task-Relevant Cognitive Cues

Classification accuracy of main effects and Shape ∩ Color during Preview. A, Time-resolved classification of effects aligned to Preview onset. Darker curves represent classification of grasping data, and the lighter ones represent knuckling data. Black curves in the third graph show performance as predicted by the respective two single-feature classifiers for grasping (solid curves) and knuckling (dotted curves). Horizontal colored bars denote significantly above chance classification (cluster-corrected t tests, one-tailed; p < 0.05). B, Electrode informativeness for respective effects aligned to Preview (two-tailed one-sample t test; q < 0.05). No Shape ∩ Color classifiers performed better than optimal additive models of single classifiers.

Temporal generalization of Color (A), Shape (B), Shape ∩ Color (C), and difference plots of Shape ∩ Color versus additive models of Shape and Color (D) aligned to Preview onset. Left side, Time-by-time plots for grasping (first plot), knuckling (second plot), and the difference of the grasping and knuckling plots (third plot). Black pixels in the time-by-time plots in columns 1 and 2 mark the contours of significant clusters (cluster-based sign-permutation test with cluster-defining and cluster-size thresholds of p < 0.01). Top right graph, ROIs as defined based on Lee et al. (2024). The same ROIs are superimposed as black outlined rectangles and L-shaped areas onto the plots in the third column. Right side, Bar graphs depict observed differences between grasping and knuckling for the ROIs. Base, baseline ROI; Diag, diagonal ROI; Arms, “arms”-shaped ROI; Tri, triangular ROI. Error bars represent bootstrapped one-tailed confidence intervals (10,000 iterations, one-tailed). Dashed lines visualize the upper boundary of the confidence interval for the baseline ROI. Asterisks represent significant results relative to baseline ROI.

Temporal generalization of Grasp Orientation. Black pixels in the time-by-time plots in columns 1 and 2 mark the contours of significant clusters (cluster-based sign-permutation test with cluster-defining and cluster-size thresholds of p < 0.01).

Time frequency analysis of Color and Shape representations aligned to Preview. Time-resolved plots of Shape and Color classification for time frequency data within separate frequency bands for Color (A) and Shape (B). Darker curves, grasping data; lighter curves, knuckling data. Horizontal colored bars represent above-chance classification accuracies (cluster-corrected t test, one-tailed; p < 0.05). Gray horizontal bars denote significantly better classification for grasping compared with knuckling (cluster-corrected t test, one-tailed; p < 0.05).

Temporal generalization of time frequency data for Grasping versus Knuckling differences for Color and Shape representations aligned to Preview. A, Color classification for beta, (B) Color classification for theta, and (C) Shape classification for theta. The outlines of the ROIs used to calculate classification differences between grasping and knuckling have been superimposed in black. Bar graphs depict differences between grasping and knuckling for the predefined ROIs based on Figure 3. Rightmost bar graph depicts differences between grasping and knuckling for theta color classification when “arms”-shaped ROIs are shifted 50 ms earlier (90–160 ms). Base, baseline ROI; Diag, diagonal ROI; Arms, “arms”-shaped ROI; Tri, triangular ROI. Error bars represent bootstrapped confidence intervals (10,000 iterations, one-tailed). Horizontal dashed lines visualize significance level (i.e., the upper boundary of the confidence interval for the baseline ROI). Asterisks represent significant results relative to baseline ROI.