Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Impact of the data lengths of epochs on the mean number of interactions found per epoch of behavior. Examples of RED/SYN multiplets during sniffing (Extended Data Fig. 1-1 for multiplets during rest and sleep). This figure represents in the X axis the time points from D-7 (control stage, before injections) to D4, D7, D10, D14, and D25 post injections; in Y axis, the logarithmic of the lengths of epochs considered in our analysis to quantify the mean number of redundant and synergistic third-order interactions (triplets) at each time point, during sniffing in Category A (A) and Category B (B). This figure shows that, overall, the data lengths of the epochs considered in the analysis have no impact on the number of significant interactions found in those epochs. **p < 0.01 (only cases where data length significantly affects the number of HOIs found in the considered epochs). Note that for fourth-order HOIs (i.e., quadruplets), there is only zero or one HOI, as each category has four brain regions, thus the possibility of several third-order HOIs (triplets) but only one quadruplet. Nb. HOIs, number of HOIs.
- Figure 2.
Examples of EEG traces for each brain region considered in the study. This figure depicts examples of EEG traces for each TL brain region considered in the present study before injections (at D-7, i.e., during the control stage), at D4 and D7 during sniffing behavior. X axis, time (in seconds); Y axis, amplitude (in millivolt). The scale is shown below each set of traces. See Extended Data Figures 2-1–2-5 for examples of EEG traces during sniffing at D10, D14 and D25, as well as during rest and sleep at all time points.
- Figure 3.
Mean number of HOIs for third- and fourth-order redundant and synergistic multiplets, the total number of epochs considered in the analysis, and the total number of HOIs for each behavior and category during the control stage. These bar plots indicate the mean number of redundant (RED) triplets (RED 3), RED quadruplets (RED 4), synergistic (SYN) triplets (SYN 3), and SYN quadruplets (SYN 4), as well as the total number of HOIs for Category A (CAT A, left) and Category B (CAT B, right) in 100 epochs of sleep (in green), sniffing (SN, in blue), and rest (in red).
- Figure 4.
Planar hypergraphs during natural behaviors. Those hypergraphs (cf. https://github.com/renzocom/hyperplot) depict graphical representations of redundant and synergistic triplets (Order 3) and quadruplets (Order 4) during sniffing (SN), rest, and sleep before model induction for Category A (A) and Category B (B).
- Figure 5.
The mean number of redundant and synergistic multiplets during control versus epileptogenic stages for each behavior considered in the analysis. On the X axis are depicted the time points from the day before model induction (D-7, control stage) and the following days after model induction, namely, epileptogenic stages for experimental rats, both during the latent period (i.e., ahead of TLE onset, at D4, D7, and D10) and the chronic stage (i.e., epilepsy per se, at D14 and D25). Around D10–D14, on average, the experimental rats all developed their SZ1, marking TLE onset. On the Y axis are depicted the mean number of significant HOIs found in all epochs for all experimental rats. Plotted is the mean number of redundant or synergistic high-order TL multiplets along epileptogenesis compared with the control stage for two different orders of interactions (Order 3, triplets of TL brain regions; Order 4, quadruplets of TL brain regions). Those multiplets have been depicted in count plots for each order (3 and 4), where the radius of the circles is proportional to the mean number of interactions in Category A (A) and B (B). SYN 3, synergistic triplets (dark blue); SYN 4, synergistic quadruplets (light blue); RED 3, redundant triplets (dark red); RED 4, redundant quadruplets (light red). SN, sniffing.
- Figure 6.
The mean number of HOIs along epileptogenic stages (D4, D7, and D10) compared with the control stage (D-7) for redundant and synergistic multiplets. This figure depicts the mean number of HOIs according to the four possible metrics: RED third order (dark red), RED fourth order (light red), SYN third order (dark blue), SYN fourth order (light blue) during the control stage (D-7) versus epileptogenic stages (D4 and D7) for both Category A (A) and B (B).
- Figure 7.
Planar hypergraphs depicting the graphical representation of the evolution of HOIs from the control stage to the epileptogenic stages for sniffing behavior in each category. Extended Data Figure 7-1 for the same graphical representation during rest and sleep.
- Figure 8.
Pearson's correlation plots between the number of redundant and synergistic multiplets during epileptogenesis. This figure depicts the Pearson's correlation between redundant and synergistic HOIs at each time point for all TL brain regions considered in the analysis and all behaviors in Category A (A) and Category B (B). X axis, the number of redundant HOIs; Y axis, the number of synergistic HOIs. A regression line indicates the correlation between redundant and synergistic HOIs for each plot, the p value the significance of this correlation, and the r coefficient the effect size. Nb. HOIs, number of HOIs. See Extended Data Figure 8-1 for the same graphical representation for each TL brain region considered in Category A (A) and Category B (B).
- Figure 9.
Regional distribution of redundant and synergistic multiplets during control versus epileptogenic stages. These bar plots show the mean number and SD of HOIs at each time point for each brain region, behavior, and category: A, Category A; B, Category B. X axis, TL brain regions; Y axis, the mean number of HOIs.
- Figure 10.
The mean number of redundant and synergistic multiplets during epileptogenic versus control stages in experimental animals for prominent high-order statistical interdependencies. These bar plots depict the mean number and SD of redundant and synergistic multiplets during epileptogenic stages versus the control stage (D-7) in experimental animals for prominent high-order triplets or quadruplets—per behavior and category, Category A (A) and Category B (B). X axis, specific HOIs; Y axis, the mean number of HOIs. SN, sniffing.
- Figure 11.
Mean O-information along epileptogenesis compared with the control stage for redundant and synergistic multiplets involving each TL brain region during each behavior and category. Swarmplots of seaborn depicting the evolution of the distribution of the mean O-information values along epileptogenesis (from D4 to D25) compared with the control stage (D-7) during each behavior [sniffing (blue), rest (red), and sleep (green)], for redundant and synergistic multiplets involving a particular brain region according to Category A (A) or Category B (B).
- Figure 12.
Mutual information between pairwise interactions of TL brain regions at each time point for each behavior and category. A, Heat maps depicting mutual information between all possible pairwise interactions at each time point for each behavior (sniffing, rest, and sleep) and category (A and B). Color bars have the same axis per behavior across time but different limits among behaviors, otherwise creating a loss of information. B, Swarmplots depicting the evolution of the distribution of the mutual information between pairwise interactions (involving a particular brain region) along epileptogenesis compared with the control stage (D-7) for each behavior and category.
- Figure 13.
Comparison of the effect sizes of the changes in mutual information and O-information. Interaction information (equal to O-information for n = 3) already tells us how much information there is beyond mutual information. We were looking at mutual information to see whether we also observed some modulations over time when using it. We compared the effect sizes of the changes in the two quantities across time. For that, we computed the effect sizes of the changes in the five metrics, namely, mutual information (MI, black) and the four metrics of the O-information [RED third order (dark red), RED fourth order (light red), SYN third order (dark blue), and SYN fourth order (light blue)] along epileptogenesis, for each behavior and category (A, Category A; B, Category B). Note the absence of effect size for the SYN metrics (SYN 3 and SYN 4) during sleep in both categories since the Kruskal–Wallis test did not exhibit any significant change in O-information related to the control stage in both categories (thus, no post hoc tests were run).
Tables
Rat number 01 02 03 04 05 06 Brain regions MS ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ MS ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ Thal ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ SuM ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ dHPC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ dHPC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ dHPC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ dHPC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ vHPC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ EC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ ✔ ✔ EC ✔ ✔ ubt ✔ NA ✔ This table presents the histological results (cresyl violet histology) of the electrode placement. “ubt,” unusable brain tissue; therefore histological procedures were unfortunately impossible to carry out; compare Materials and methods. NA, not applicable (lack of recording channel).
- Table 2.
Visual analysis of IA and ictal-like events (seizure activity) for each rat considered in the present study
Rat number 01 02 03 04 05 06 IA bursts type Ictal events (seizures, at D7 and at D10); Type B bursts (D7, D10) Type A IA (D7 and D10) Type A IA (D7); seizures at D10. Type A bursts (D7 and D10); Type 2 IA (Type B bursts, D10); ictal events (from D7) Type A bursts (D4, D7, and D10) Type A bursts (D4, D7 and D10) Brain regions Seizure starting in the EC and propagating in all TL brain regions recorded (*); Type 2 IA in the hippocampus and EC Synchronized in all TL brain regions, inversion of polarity within dorsal hippocampal layers; EC; dHPC. EC; generalized seizures. Seizures usually start in the EC and propagating in all TL brain regions recordeda. Type 1 IA either synchronized EC–dHPC or independently occurring in the EC and/or in the dHPC (Type A bursts); Type 2 IA in the dHPC Synchronized in all TL brain regions, inversion of polarity within dorsal hippocampal layers; EC dHPC and vHPC This analysis determines the type of IA bursts—based on the same features as the ones described in Chauvière et al. (2012)—and the seizure activity occurring along epileptogenic stages (namely, D4, D7, and D10), as well as which brain regions they involve. We note that Type B bursts occurred more prominently in two rats which have already undergone early seizure activity. The other rats have a similar pattern of (mainly Type A) IA bursts which characterizes a similar network trajectory along epileptogenesis.
↵aPlus frontal cortex in case of generalized motor seizures.
- Table 3.
The total number of epochs and their corresponding number of redundant and synergistic third- or fourth-order multiplets for each behavior and category before injection (at D-7)
Category A Sniffing Number of epochs Total number of HOIs (regardless of their informational content) Number of significant RED HOIs (Order 3: triplets) Number of significant SYN HOIs (Order 3: triplets) Number of significant RED HOIs (Order 4: quadruplets) Number of significant SYN HOIs (Order 4: quadruplets) 645 2,563 1,603 532 350 78 100 397 248 82 54 12 Awake immobility 374 1,596 1,073 231 276 16 100 426 286 61 73 4 Sleep 63 302 201 42 55 4 100 479 319 67 87 6 Category B Sniffing Number of epochs Total number of HOIs (regardless of their informational content) Number of significant RED HOIs (Order 3: triplets) Number of significant SYN HOIs (Order 3: triplets) Number of significant RED HOIs (Order 4: quadruplets) Number of significant SYN HOIs (Order 4: quadruplets) 646 2,593 1,696 457 407 33 100 401 262 70 63 5 Awake immobility 374 1,550 1,041 233 265 11 100 414 278 62 70 3 Sleep 63 302 189 54 55 4 100 479 300 85 87 6 This table presents the total number of epochs considered in the analysis for each category and natural behavior—namely, sniffing, rest, and sleep—the total number of HOIs, also called multiplets, be it triplets (third-order multiplets) or quadruplets (fourth-order multiplets) and their informational content, redundant versus synergistic, per behavior and category considered in the analysis, during the control stage.
- Table 4.
The mean number of redundant (RED) and synergistic (SYN) multiplets during sniffing, rest, and sleep across time for Category A and Category B
Category A Sniffing Rest Sleep RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN Third order Third order Fourth order Fourth order Third order Third order Fourth order Fourth order Third order Third order Fourth order Fourth order D-7 2.280 0.985 0.305 0.155 2.470 0.846 0.581 0.103 3.448 0.414 0.793 0.138 D4 3.603 0.293 0.931 0.017 3.366 0.463 0.927 0.024 1.5 2.5 0.5 0 D7 2.348 0.702 0.624 0.079 2.882 0.521 0.756 0.008 3.867 0 1 0 Category B Sniffing Rest Sleep RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN Third order Third order Fourth order Fourth order Third order Third order Fourth order Fourth order Third order Third order Fourth order Fourth order D-7 1.745 1.255 0.335 0.125 2.624 0.761 0.564 0.034 3.172 0.828 0.828 0.103 D4 3.169 0.627 0.763 0.051 2.537 1.024 0.854 0.024 1.5 2 1 0 D7 2.983 0.438 0.753 0 2.723 0.496 0.697 0 3.733 0.267 1 0 This table presents the mean number of HOIs from the control stage (D-7) to epileptogenic stages (D4 and D7), highlighting a shift at D4 during sniffing, rest, and sleep, which is more prominent during sniffing in both categories. This number has been normalized by the number of epochs considered at each time point to allow for comparison.
- Table 5.
Pearson's correlation results between the number of redundant multiplets and the number of synergistic multiplets during epileptogenesis
Category A Behavior Time point MS SuM dHPC EC p r p r p r p r Sleep D-7 0 −0.949 0 −0.965 0 −0.95 0 −0.958 D4 NA NA 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 D7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA D10 0.003 −0.707 0 −0.936 0 −0.936 0 −1 D25 1 −1 1 −1 NA NA NA NA Sniffing D-7 0 −0.574 0 −0.583 0 −0.513 0 −0.539 D4 0 −0.679 0 −0.758 0 −0.718 0 −0.652 D7 0 −0.628 0 −0.626 0 −0.625 0 −0.629 D10 0 −0.744 0 −0.72 0 −0.74 0 −0.795 D14 0 −0.742 0 −0.829 0 −0.727 0 −0.82 D25 0.004 −0.598 0.001 −0.65 0.005 −0.587 0.001 −0.681 Rest D-7 0 −0.667 0 −0.636 0 −0.534 0 −0.683 D4 0 −0.699 0 −0.698 0 −0.706 0 −0.722 D7 0 −0.628 0 −0.651 0 −0.503 0 −0.64 D10 0 −0.821 0 −0.69 0 −0.68 0 −0.671 D14 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 D25 0.389 −0.25 0.105 −0.452 0.011 −0.655 0.461 −0.215 Category B Behavior Time point MS SuM dHPC EC p r p r p r p r Sleep D-7 0 −0.888 0 −0.849 0 −0.856 0 −0.856 D4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA D7 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 D10 0.006 −0.675 0.215 −0.34 0.025 −0.574 0.035 −0.548 D25 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 Sniffing D7 0 −0.611 0 −0.601 0 −0.636 0 −0.625 D4 0 −0.882 0 −0.806 0 −0.853 0 −0.787 D7 0 −0.573 0 −0.423 0 −0.624 0 −0.6 D10 0 −0.645 0 −0.533 0 −0.596 0 −0.555 D14 0 −0.625 0 −0.639 0.006 −0.45 0 −0.6 D25 0.003 −0.635 0.003 −0.635 0.009 −0.567 0.054 −0.436 Rest D-7 0 −0.643 0 −0.628 0 −0.607 0 −0.511 D4 0 −0.856 0 −0.739 0 −0.741 0 −0.78 D7 0 −0.553 0 −0.636 0 −0.561 0 −0.623 D10 0 −0.888 0 −0.819 0 −0.836 0 −0.841 D14 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA D25 0.055 −0.544 0.045 −0.563 0.055 −0.544 0.068 −0.52 This table shows the results from Pearson's correlation between the number of redundant multiplets and the number of synergistic multiplets at each time point for each behavior, category, and each TL brain region considered in our analysis. p stands for p value, and r stands for correlation coefficient (also stands for the effect size). NA, not applicable. NA values stand for undefined r values, which typically occur when one or both variables (namely, either #RED or #SYN) exhibit zero variance. Specifically, Pearson's correlation coefficient is undefined when at least one of the variables has a constant value, resulting in zero SD. The formula to calculate r involves dividing by the product of SD of #RED (SD1) and of #SYN (SD2); thus when the SD of one of the variables is zero, the denominator of the formula becomes zero, leading to an undefined or NaN result (NA value).
- Table 6.
Summary of p values and effect sizes (ES) for redundant and synergistic multiplets
Category Behavior Type Order Time point p value ES A Sniffing Redundant Triplets D4 <0.001 1.119 A Sniffing Redundant Triplets D7 1 0.053 A Sniffing Redundant Triplets D10 0.057 0.264 A Sniffing Redundant Triplets D14 1 0.041 A Sniffing Redundant Triplets D25 0.487 0.454 A Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D4 <0.001 1.475 A Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D7 <0.001 0.673 A Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D10 <0.001 0.76 A Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D14 0.38 0.298 A Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D25 1 0.097 A Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D4 <0.001 0.773 A Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D10 0.083 0.162 A Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D14 1 0.074 A Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D25 0.715 0.478 A Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D4 0.040 0.423 A Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D7 0.186 0.237 A Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D10 1 0.108 A Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D14 0.005 0.537 A Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D25 1 0.298 A Rest Redundant Triplets D4 0.002 0.619 A Rest Redundant Quadruplets D4 <0.001 0.772 A Sleep Redundant Triplets D4 0.020 1.757 A Sleep Synergistic Triplets D4 0.008 2.542 B Sniffing Redundant Triplets D4 <0.001 0.966 B Sniffing Redundant Triplets D7 <0.001 0.862 B Sniffing Redundant Triplets D10 <0.001 0.909 B Sniffing Redundant Triplets D14 <0.001 1.256 B Sniffing Redundant Triplets D25 1 0.061 B Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D4 <0.001 0.923 B Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D7 <0.001 0.919 B Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D10 <0.001 1.041 B Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D14 <0.001 1.222 B Sniffing Redundant Quadruplets D25 1 0.032 B Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D4 <0.001 0.546 B Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D7 <0.001 0.792 B Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D10 <0.001 0.818 B Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D14 <0.001 1.028 B Sniffing Synergistic Triplets D25 1 0.037 B Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D7 <0.001 0.518 B Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D10 <0.001 0.429 B Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D14 0.017 0.409 B Sniffing Synergistic Quadruplets D25 1 0.075 B Rest Redundant Triplets D14 0.035 0.932 B Rest Redundant Quadruplets D4 0.005 0.621 B Rest Redundant Quadruplets D10 0.001 0.569 B Rest Redundant Quadruplets D14 0.039 0.909 B Sleep Redundant Triplets D10 0.016 0.83 This table presents the statistics corresponding Results, Early shift of redundant and synergistic multiplets during epileptogenesis. To avoid disrupting the flow of reading, we did not want to clutter the main text with statistics. Instead we decided to include them in a separate table as they included both p values and effect sizes.
- Table 7.
The mean number of redundant and synergistic triplets and quadruplets during epileptogenic versus control stages in experimental animals for prominent high-order interdependencies
Category A Behavior Time point MS, Thal, vHPC MS, Thal, dHPC Thal, dHPC, vHPC MS, dHPC, vHPC MS, Thal, dHPC, vHPC RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN Sleep D-7 0.897 0.069 0.862 0.103 0.897 0.103 0.793 0.138 0.793 0.138 D4 1 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 1 0.5 0 D7 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.867 0 1 0 D10 1 0 1 0 0.333 0.667 0.2 0.667 1 0 D25 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 Sniffing D-7 0.626 0.138 0.286 0.581 0.675 0.148 0.66 0.103 0.3 0.153 D4 0.881 0.068 0.915 0.051 0.864 0.085 0.881 0.085 0.915 0.017 D7 0.57 0.128 0.603 0.251 0.475 0.223 0.687 0.095 0.62 0.078 D10 0.779 0.123 0.532 0.318 0.519 0.279 0.779 0.097 0.656 0.117 D14 0.694 0.139 0.444 0.472 0.444 0.417 0.75 0.028 0.444 0.361 D25 0.476 0.333 0.238 0.524 0.429 0.381 0.476 0.143 0.333 0.048 Rest D-7 0.633 0.175 0.5 0.333 0.592 0.2 0.683 0.117 0.567 0.1 D4 0.833 0.119 0.81 0.119 0.81 0.095 0.833 0.119 0.905 0.024 D7 0.708 0.133 0.817 0.125 0.6 0.167 0.733 0.092 0.75 0.008 D10 0.867 0.093 0.76 0.147 0.707 0.08 0.773 0.147 0.813 0.027 D14 0.9 0.1 1 0 0.9 0.1 1 0 0.9 0 D25 0.786 0.071 0.214 0.571 0.714 0.214 0.571 0.143 0.714 0 Category B Behavior Time point MS, SuM, dHPC EC, MS, SuM EC, MS, dHPC EC, SuM, dHPC EC, MS, SuM, dHPC RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN Sleep D-7 0.767 0.2 0.767 0.2 0.7 0.267 0.833 0.133 0.8 0.793 D4 0 1 0 1 0.5 0 1 0 1 0.5 D7 1 0 0.867 0.133 1 0 0.867 0.133 1 1 D10 1 0 0.267 0.533 0.2 0.667 0.667 0.133 0.867 1 D25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0 1 0 0.5 0.5 Sniffing D7 0.296 0.424 0.463 0.217 0.458 0.31 0.502 0.286 0.33 0.3 D4 0.864 0.136 0.746 0.186 0.746 0.186 0.814 0.119 0.763 0.915 D7 0.933 0.011 0.781 0.062 0.635 0.225 0.635 0.14 0.753 0.62 D10 0.771 0.111 0.778 0.092 0.752 0.124 0.745 0.072 0.797 0.656 D14 0.917 0.028 0.889 0.056 0.861 0.028 0.944 0 0.889 0.444 D25 0.4 0.5 0.25 0.4 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.15 0.35 0.333 Rest D-7 0.6 0.242 0.65 0.2 0.642 0.167 0.667 0.133 0.55 0.567 D4 0.854 0.122 0.488 0.366 0.561 0.317 0.634 0.22 0.854 0.905 D7 0.916 0.025 0.588 0.235 0.588 0.076 0.63 0.16 0.697 0.75 D10 0.865 0.081 0.77 0.162 0.676 0.203 0.838 0.081 0.824 0.813 D14 0.9 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.9 D25 0.385 0.077 0.769 0.077 0.692 0.077 0.769 0.077 0.769 0.714 This table shows the mean number of redundant and synergistic triplets and quadruplets at each time point, for each behavior and category (A and B).
- Table 8.
Shift in redundant and synergistic multiplets related to the day of the SZ1 of all experimental rats considered in the analysis
Rat number SZ1 SNIFFING REST SLEEP Category A Category B Category A Category B Category A Category B RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN RED SYN 01 D8 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS D10 NS NS NS NS 02 >D10 D14 D7 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 03 D10 D4 D7 D7 D7 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 04 D7 D10 D7 D10 D10 NS NS NS NS D10 D10 NS NS 05 >D10 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D7 NS NS NS D7 D7 06 >D10 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS D25 NS NS NS NS Significant shift in redundant (RED) and synergistic (SYN) multiplets during each behavior (sniffing, rest, or sleep), for each category (A or B) and experimental rat related to the day of their SZ1 to investigate whether an early shift in the informational content of higher-order interactions could be predictive of an early occurrence of SZ1, thus of an early TLE onset. NS, not significant. D7 is considered an early SZ1, D10 a standard SZ1, and >D10 a late SZ1.
Figure 1-1
Impact of the data lengths of epochs on the mean number of interactions found per epoch of behavior for remaining multiplets and behaviors. This figure is an extension of Figure 1 for the remaining multiplets and behaviors in both categories. This figure thus represents in the X axis the time points from D-7 (control stage, before injections) to D4, D7, D10, D14, and D25 post injections, in the Y axis, the logarithmic of the lengths of epochs considered in our analysis to quantify the number of redundant and synergistic multiplets at each time point, during rest and sleep in Category A (A) and Category B (B). As in Figure 1, this figure shows that, overall, the data length of the epochs considered in the analysis has no impact on the number of significant interactions found in those epochs. **: p < 0.01 (only cases where data length significantly affects the number of HOIs found in the considered epochs). Nb HOIs: Number of HOIs. Download Figure 1-1, TIF file.
Figure 2-1
Examples of EEG traces. As an extension of Figure 2, this figure depicts examples of EEG traces for each TL brain region considered in the present study at D10, D14, and D25 during sniffing behavior. X axis: time (in sec); Y axis: amplitude (in mV). The scale is shown below each set of traces. Download Figure 2-1, TIF file.
Figure 2-2
Examples of EEG traces. As an extension of Figure 2, this figure depicts examples of EEG traces for each TL brain region considered in the present study at D-7 (control stage), D4, and D7 during rest behavior (awake immobility). X axis: time (in sec); Y axis: amplitude (in mV). The scale is shown below each set of traces. Download Figure 2-2, TIF file.
Figure 2-3
Examples of EEG traces. As an extension of Figure 2, this figure depicts examples of EEG traces for each TL brain region considered in the present study at D10, D14, and D25 during rest behavior (awake immobility). X axis: time (in sec); Y axis: amplitude (in mV). The scale is shown below each set of traces. Download Figure 2-3, TIF file.
Figure 2-4
Examples of EEG traces. As an extension of Figure 2, this figure depicts examples of EEG traces for each TL brain region considered in the present study at D-7 (control stage), D4, and D7 during sleep behavior (slow wave sleep). X axis: time (in sec); Y axis: amplitude (in mV). The scale is shown below each set of traces. Download Figure 2-4, TIF file.
Figure 2-5
Examples of EEG traces. As an extension of Figure 2, this figure depicts examples of EEG traces for each TL brain region considered in the present study at D10 and D25 during sleep behavior (slow wave sleep). Note the absence of epochs at D14 during sleep. X axis: time (in sec); Y axis: amplitude (in mV). The scale is shown below each set of traces. Download Figure 2-5, TIF file.
Figure 7-1
Planar hypergraphs during rest and sleep depicting the evolution of the mean number of interactions from the control to epileptogenic stages. Those hypergraphs depict the graphical representation of the evolution of HOIs from the control stage to the epileptogenic stages during rest and sleep in Category A (CAT A) and Category B (CAT B), extending Figure 5C, which depicts similar planar hypergraphs during sniffing. Download Figure 7-1, TIF file.
Figure 8-1
Pearson’s correlation plots between the number of redundant and synergistic multiplets during epileptogenesis. This figure depicts Pearson’s correlation between redundant and synergistic HOIs at each time point for each TL brain region and all behaviors in Category A (A) and Category B (B). X axis: number of redundant HOIs, Y axis: number of synergistic HOIs. A regression line indicates the correlation between redundant and synergistic HOIs for each plot, the p-value indicates the significance of this correlation, and the r coefficient (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) indicates the effect size. Nb. HOIs: Number of HOIs. Download Figure 8-1, TIF file.
Figure 9-1
Statistics corresponding to the third section of the Results entitled “Regional distribution of redundant and synergistic multiplets during epileptogenesis”. Download Figure 9-1, DOC file.
Figure 10-1
Statistics corresponding to the fourth section of the Results entitled “Evolution of triplets and quadruplets during epileptogenesis”. Download Figure 10-1, DOC file.
Figure 11-1
Statistics corresponding to the fifth section of the Results entitled “Dynamics of O-information along epileptogenesis”. Download Figure 11-1, DOC file.
Figure 12-1
Statistics corresponding to the mutual information discussed in the sixth section of the Results entitled “Added value of higher-order interactions”. Download Figure 12-1, DOC file.
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