Clinical Efficacy of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Combined with Electroencephalogram Biofeedback in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Baseline information between the two groups

Indicators	The control group (n = 45)	The study group (n = 45)	p value
Age of children (years)	7.00 (7.00, 9.00)	8.00 (7.00, 9.00)	0.754
Gender of children			0.419
Male	38 (84.44)	35 (77.78)
Female	7 (15.56)	10 (22.22)
Disease duration of children			0.479
Within 1 year	12 (26.67)	8 (17.78)
Within 2 years	17 (37.78)	22 (48.89)
Within 3 years	13 (28.89)	14 (31.11)
Within 4 years	3 (6.67)	1 (2.22)
Age of guardian (years)	34.09 ± 2.56	34.89 ± 3.02	0.178
Gender of guardian			0.245
Male	9 (20.00)	5 (11.11)
Female	36 (80.00)	40 (88.89)
Educational level of guardian			0.685
Primary school	14 (31.11)	16 (35.56)
Middle school	19 (42.22)	15 (33.33)
University	12 (26.67)	14 (31.11)

Table 2.

SNAP-IV scores between the two groups (points)

Indicators	Time	The control group (n = 45)	The study group (n = 45)	p value
Attention	Before treatment	2.34 ± 0.34	2.30 ± 0.41	0.625
Attention	After treatment	1.84 ± 0.30^{^a}	1.64 ± 0.27^{^a}	0.001
Hyperactivity/impulsivity	Before treatment	1.89 (1.62, 2.11)	1.89 (1.67, 2.11)	0.987
Hyperactivity/impulsivity	After treatment	1.44 (1.11, 1.67)^{^a}	1.33 (1.00, 1.44)^{^a}	0.026
Oppositional defiance	Before treatment	1.50 (1.32, 1.88)	1.63 (1.25, 1.88)	0.974
Oppositional defiance	After treatment	1.25 (1.13, 1.50)^{^a}	1.13 (0.88, 1.38)^{^a}	0.032

Table 3.

IVA-CPT results between the two groups (points)

Indicators	Time	The control group (n = 45)	The study group (n = 45)	p value
FAQ	Before treatment	72.00 (67.00, 75.00)	71.00 (67.00, 73.50)	0.365
FAQ	After treatment	85.00 (82.00, 88.00)^{^a}	90.00 (86.00, 92.50)^{^a}	<0.001
FRCQ	Before treatment	78.00 (74.00, 80.00)	78.00 (74.00, 80.00)	0.824
FRCQ	After treatment	95.00 (90.00, 97.50)^{^a}	99.00 (94.00, 101.50)^{^a}	0.001

Table 4.

PSQ scores between the two groups (points)

Indicators	Time	The control group (n = 45)	The study group (n = 45)	p value
Hyperactivity index	Before treatment	1.70 (1.40, 1.90)	1.70 (1.40, 1.80)	0.658
Hyperactivity index	After treatment	1.30 (1.05, 1.50)^{^a}	1.00 (0.80, 1.20)^{^a}	<0.001
Impulsive hyperactivity	Before treatment	1.75 (1.25, 1.75)	1.50 (1.25, 1.75)	0.536
Impulsive hyperactivity	After treatment	1.00 (1.00, 1.25)^{^a}	1.00 (0.75, 1.00)^{^a}	0.001
Physical and mental disorders	Before treatment	0.40 (0.40, 0.60)	0.60 (0.40, 0.60)	0.785
Physical and mental disorders	After treatment	0.20 (0.20, 0.40)^{^a}	0.20 (0.20, 0.20)^{^a}	0.001
Learning problems	Before treatment	2.00 (1.63, 2.25)	2.00 (1.50, 2.13)	0.666
Learning problems	After treatment	1.25 (1.00, 1.50)^{^a}	1.00 (0.75, 1.13)^{^a}	<0.001
Behavioral problems	Before treatment	1.08 (0.88, 1.21)	1.08 (0.79, 1.17)	0.472
Behavioral problems	After treatment	0.83 (0.54, 1.00)^{^a}	0.58 (0.42, 0.67)^{^a}	<0.001
Anxiety	Before treatment	0.50 (0.25, 0.50)	0.50 (0.25, 0.50)	0.734
Anxiety	After treatment	0.25 (0.25, 0.25)^{^a}	0.25 (0.00, 0.25)^{^a}	<0.001

Table 5.

Adverse reaction rate between the two groups [n (%)]

Adverse reaction	Time	The control group (n = 45)	The study group (n = 45)	p value
Loss of appetite	The 2nd week	21 (46.67)	23 (51.11)	0.673
Loss of appetite	The 12th week	8 (17.78)^{^a}	6 (13.33)^{^a}	0.561
Drowsiness	The 2nd week	20 (44.44)	18 (40.00)	0.670
Drowsiness	The 12th week	2 (4.44)^{^a}	1 (2.22)^{^a}	0.557
Headache	The 2nd week	7 (15.56)	10 (22.22)	0.419
Headache	The 12th week	0 (0.00)^{^a}	0 (0.00)^{^a}	-
Nausea and vomiting	The 2nd week	3 (6.67)	2 (4.44)	0.645
Nausea and vomiting	The 12th week	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-
Emotional instability	The 2nd week	3 (6.67)	3 (6.67)	>0.999
Emotional instability	The 12th week	0 (0.00)	1 (2.22)	0.315
Constipation	The 2nd week	2 (4.44)	1 (2.22)	0.557
Constipation	The 12th week	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-