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History
- Received March 28, 2025
- Revision received August 27, 2025
- Accepted September 12, 2025
- Published online November 20, 2025.
Copyright & Usage
Copyright © 2025 Gunduz-Cinar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.
Author Information
- Ozge Gunduz-Cinar1,*,
- Eva Maria Fritz2,*,
- Maya Xia1,
- Elise Van Leer1,
- Nevin Crow1,
- Andrew Holmes1 and
- Nicolas Singewald2
- 1Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Correspondence should be addressed to Ozge Gunduz-Cinar at gunduzcinaro{at}nih.gov.
Author contributions
Author contributions: O.G.-C., E.M.F., A.H., and N.S. designed research; O.G.-C., E.M.F., M.X., E.V.L., and N.C. performed research; A.H. and N.S. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; O.G.-C., E.M.F., and M.X. analyzed data; O.G.-C., E.M.F., and A.H. wrote the paper.
Disclosures
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
This research was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Research Program and Austrian Science Fund (FWF, I2433-B26 and DKW-1206-B18).
↵*O.G.-C. and E.M.F. contributed equally to this work.
Funding
HHS | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
I2433-B26 and DKW-1206-B18
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