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History
- Received May 17, 2025
- Revision received September 18, 2025
- Accepted September 22, 2025
- Published online September 30, 2025.
Copyright & Usage
Copyright © 2025 Sheckler et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.
Author Information
- Christina Sheckler1,*,
- Kathleen Kish1,*,
- Zion Walker2,
- Grant Barkelew1,
- Dakota N. Crisp2,
- Matt P. Szuromi3,
- Maria Luisa Saggio4 and
- William C. Stacey1,2,5
- 1Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- 3Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Graduate Program for Neurosciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- 4Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Marseille 13284, France
- 5VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Correspondence should be addressed to William Stacey at william.stacey{at}umich.edu.
Author contributions
Author contributions: C.S., K.K., D.N.C., M.P.S., M.L.S., and W.C.S. designed research; C.S., K.K., Z.W., G.B., D.N.C., M.P.S., and W.C.S. performed research; C.S., K.K., M.P.S., M.L.S., and W.C.S. analyzed data; C.S., K.K., M.P.S., M.L.S., and W.C.S. wrote the paper.
Disclosures
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
This work was supported by NIH (R01-NS094399 to W.S. and K12-GM111725 to K.K.), Michigan Medicine: Robbins Family Fund and Lucas Family Fund (C.S., Z.W., D.N.C., M.P.S.), University of Michigan: BioInterfaces Institute (W.S., C.S., Z.W., G.B.), EBS Innovation Initiative (D.N.C), and EU Horizon Europe (101147319; M.L.S.).
↵*C.S. and K.K. contributed equally to this work.
Funding
HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
R01-NS094399; K12-GM111725U-M | Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan (MM)
Robbins Family Fund; Lucas Family FundU-M | Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan (BI)
University of Michigan (U-M)
EBS Innovation InitiativeEU Horizon Europe
101147319
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