Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The LBN paradigm altered dam behavior. A, Experimental timeline. B, Dam mass before and after the paradigm and at weaning on PND21. Thin lines are individual dams, LMM model mean ± SEM shown in thick lines. Letters (a–c) indicate that dam mass, combined across treatment groups, differed on each PND (p < 0.01). C, Individual values and mean ± SEM serum corticosterone from the dams at the end of the paradigm on the morning of PND11. D, Left, The number of exits averaged by PND for individual dams are shown by colored lines; warmer colors indicate more exits; mean ± SEM number of nest exits versus PND is in black. Right, Individual dam averages and mean ± SEM number of nest exits; the color is consistent with the left graph. E, Left, The percentages of the time spent off nest averaged by PND for individual dam are shown by colored lines; warmer colors indicated more time off the nest; mean ± SEM percentage of time off the nest versus PND is in black. Right, Individual dam averages and mean ± SEM percentage of time off nest; the color is consistent with the left graph. Some error bars are obscured by the mean line. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. Numbers in Extended Data Table 1-1. Full statistical model results are in Extended Data Table 1-2. STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control treatment; ALPS, adult acute, layered, psychosocial stress; PND, postnatal day.
- Figure 2.
LBN decreased PND11 body mass and lowered body mass in adult males but did not affect reproductive maturation. A, Mean litter values and mean ± SEM for PND4 mass. B, Mean litter values (both sexes) and model mean ± SEM for PND11 mass. C, Statistical model mean ± SEM for the body mass of the female (left) and male (right) offspring. The average mass of each litter is plotted in the insets. D, E, Mean litter values and model mean ± SEM for age (D) at the vaginal opening (left), first estrus (center), and preputial separation (right); for mass (E) at the vaginal opening (left), first estrus (center), and preputial separation (right). Some error bars are obscured by the mean line. ***p < 0.001. Full statistical model results are in Extended Data Table 2-1 (mass at PND11), Extended Data Table 2-2 (mass from PND11–72), and Extended Data Table 2-3 (maturation). STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting.
- Figure 3.
LBN did not alter estrous cyclicity from PND70 to 90. A, Representative individual estrous cycle traces for STD (left) and LBN (right) offspring, proestrus (P), estrus (E), or diestrus (D). B, Number of cycles averaged for female littermates; model mean ± SEM. C, Mean cycle length averaged for female littermates; model mean ± SEM. D, The mean percentage of days spent in each cycle stage for female littermates; data mean ± SEM; no model value is available as χ2 test was used for analysis of percentage values. Full statistical model results are in Extended Data Table 3-1. Some error bars obscured by the mean line. STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; PND, postnatal day.
- Figure 4.
LBN does not change the corticosterone response to ALPS. Individual values and model mean ± SEM (adjacent horizontal lines and vertical error bars) for pre- and posttreatment serum corticosterone concentrations in males (A) and females (B; diestrus left, proestrus right). Early-life treatment groups are plotted together as there were no effects of LBN treatment on serum corticosterone concentrations at any point. Numbers are in Extended Data Table 4-1. Results from the full statistical models are in Extended Data Table 4-2. Additional data regarding tissue masses and the effect of corticosterone on masses are in Extended Data Figure 4-1 (male tissue masses), Extended Data Figure 4-2 (female tissue masses), Extended Data Figure 4-3 (male corticosterone administration), and Extended Data Tables 4-3–4-8. STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control; ALPS, acute, layered, psychosocial stress in adulthood. ***p < 0.001.
- Figure 5.
The LH surge is disrupted by adult stress. A, Individual values and model mean ± SEM for the average LH concentrations on diestrus. B, Individual values and median ± interquartile range of maximum evening LH for proestrous mice. The gray line at 3.8 ng/ml is the cutoff for an LH surge. C, The percentage of proestrous mice with a maximum LH concentration >3.8 ng/ml (filled bars; numbers are counts per result). D, Individual LH profiles for proestrous mice in each treatment group sampled hourly until 2 h after lights out; the time is relative to lights out. Gray lines show mice with no LH concentrations above 3.8 ng/ml. Results from the full statistical model of diestrous concentrations are in Extended Data Table 5-1. STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control; ALPS, acute, layered, psychosocial stress in adulthood.
- Figure 6.
Recording quality and passive properties of GnRH neurons were similar among groups. A–D, Individual cell values and model mean ± SEM for A, capacitance; B, input resistance; C, series resistance; D, holding current. Results for the full statistical model are in Extended Data Table 6-1. STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control; ALPS, acute, layered, psychosocial stress in adulthood.
- Figure 7.
Stress treatments did not alter overall GABA PSC frequency, but ALPS may lengthen the interevent interval in GnRH neurons. A, Representative 15 s traces (Box 9 smoothed) near the median frequency and amplitude from a GnRH neuron in each group. B, Normalized average PSC for each treatment group. C–F, Individual cell values and model mean ± SEM for C, PSC frequency (number of events/duration); D, mean interevent interval; E, mean amplitude; and F, decay time from 80 to 20% of peak calculated from the cell's normalized average trace. G, H, Distribution of (G) interevent interval and (H) amplitude. Top, Bootstrapped mean estimates with 95% confidence interval for each group. Bottom, Cumulative probability distribution plots for each group. Inset plots show the full range of the distribution. Results for the full statistical models are in Extended Data Tables 6-1, 7-1, and 7-2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, from bootstrapped results. STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control; ALPS, acute, layered, psychosocial stress in adulthood; PSC, postsynaptic current.
Tables
Figures Outcome Test Formula 1B Dam mass LMM Mass ∼ early-life treatment × PNDa + (1|dam) 1C Dam corticosterone t test Corticosterone ∼ early-life treatment 1D Number of nest exits Nonparametric longitudinal F1 LD F1 Number of nest exits ∼ early-life treatment × PNDa 1E Percentage of time off nest Nonparametric longitudinal F1 LD F1 Percentage off nest ∼ early-life treatment × PNDa 2A PND4 offspring mass litter average t test Mass ∼ early-life treatment 2B PND11 offspring mass individual pups LMM Mass ∼ early-life treatment × sex + (1|dam) 2C Offspring mass males and females run separately LMM with splines Mass ∼ early-life treatment × PNDb + (1|dam) + (1|mouse) 2D Age at vaginal opening LMM Age ∼ early-life treatment + (1|dam) Age at first estrus Age at preputial separation 2E Mass at vaginal opening LMM Mass ∼ early-life treatment + (1|dam) Mass at first estrus Mass at preputial separation Text AGD LMM AGD ∼ early-life treatment × sex + (1|dam) 3B Number of estrous cycles LMM Number of estrous cycles ∼ early-life treatment + (1|dam) 3C Cycle length LMM log10(cycle length) ∼ early-life treatment + (1|dam) 3D Percentage of days in stage χ2 test Distribution of days spent in diestrus, proestrus, and estrus by early-life treatment 4A Male serum corticosterone LMM log10(cort) ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment × time + (1|mouse) + (1|dam) 4B Female serum corticosterone LMM log10(cort) ∼ cycle stage × early-life treatment × adult treatment × time + (1|mouse) + (1|dam) 4-1A Body mass LMM Outcome ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment + (1|dam) 4-1B Percentage of change in body mass 4-1C Adrenal mass 4-1D Adrenal mass normalized to body mass 4-1E Seminal vesicle mass 4-1F Seminal vesicle mass normalized to body mass 4-1G Testicular mass 4-1H Testicular mass normalized to body mass 4-2A Body mass LMM Outcome ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment × cycle stage + (1|dam) 4-2B % Change body mass 4-2C Adrenal mass 4-2D Adrenal mass normalized to body mass 4-2E Uterine mass 4-2F Uterine mass normalized to body mass 4-3B Serum corticosterone LMM log10(cort) ∼ dosage × time + (1|mouse) + (1|dam) 4-3A Body mass LMM Outcome ∼ dosage + (1|dam) 4-3C Percentage of change in body mass 4-3D Adrenal mass 4-3E Adrenal mass normalized to body mass 4-3F Seminal vesicle mass 4-3G Seminal vesicle mass normalized to body mass 4-3H Testicular mass 4-3I Testicular mass normalized to body mass 5A Average LH, diestrus mice LMM Average LH ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment + (1|dam) 5C Proportion with LH surge, proestrus GLMM—logistic regression Surged ∼ early-life treatment + adult treatment + (1|dam) 6A Capacitance LMM Outcome ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment + (1|mouse) + (1|dam) 6B Input resistance 6C Series resistance 6D Holding current 7C PSC frequency GLMM—NB Number of events in 4 min ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment + (1|mouse) (1|dam) 7D Mean interevent interval LMM log10(interval) ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment + (1|mouse) + (1|dam) 7E Mean relative amplitude LMM Outcome ∼ early-life treatment × adult treatment + (1|mouse) + (1|dam) 7F Decay time 7G Distribution of interevent interval Anderson–Darling test and bootstrapping. See Materials and Methods, Statistical analysis 7H Distribution of amplitude LMMs were used where appropriate for the data structure and experimental design. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were fit with either logistic regression or NB families.
↵a Indicates that PND was treated as a factor variable. For the analysis of dam behavior with a nonparametric longitudinal test, the nparLD package in R was used, with the F1 LD F1 Model. The subject variable was each dam, early-life treatment (STD or LBN cage) was the between-subject factor (“whole-plot” factor), and PND was the within-subject factor (“sub-plot” repeated factor).
↵b Indicates that linear splines at PND21 and 35 for the models of offspring mass allow the model to change the slope of the line for the segments between PND11 and 21, from 21 to 35, and from 35 to 72.
Figures Outcome Group level Contrast Estimate 95% CI SEM Degrees of freedom t p Row 1B Dam mass STD - LBN −1.23 [−2.36, −0.10] 0.562 47.0 −2.20 0.033 1 PND4 - PND11 −2.78 [−3.33, −2.22] 0.227 94.0 −12.21 <0.001 2 PND4 - PND21 −2.15 [−2.70, −1.59] 0.227 94.0 −9.45 <0.001 3 PND11 - PND21 0.63 [0.07, 1.18] 0.227 94.0 2.76 0.007 4 2B PND11 mass STD - LBN 0.55 [0.17, 0.94] 0.192 47.0 2.87 0.006 5 2C Male mass PND 11 STD - LBN 0.67 [−0.28, 1.63] 0.355 43.2 1.90 0.129 6 PND 21 STD - LBN 0.62 [−0.33, 1.57] 0.353 41.9 1.76 0.129 7 PND 35 STD - LBN 0.77 [−0.21, 1.74] 0.364 47.5 2.11 0.121 8 PND 56 STD - LBN 0.93 [−0.02, 1.88] 0.352 41.7 2.66 0.045 9 PND 72 STD - LBN 1.06 [0.10, 2.03] 0.358 44.5 2.97 0.024 10 AGD Female - male −10.35 [−10.48, −10.23] 0.065 239.8 −160.51 <0.001 11 4A Male serum corticosterone Pre CON / ALPS 0.98 [0.71, 1.35] 0.125 121.7 −0.15 0.883 12 Post CON / ALPS 0.32 [0.23, 0.44] 0.041 122.2 −8.91 <0.001 13 CON Pre / post 0.35 [0.25, 0.47] 0.042 74.1 −8.68 <0.001 14 ALPS Pre / post 0.11 [0.08, 0.15] 0.014 73.2 −18.04 <0.001 15 4B Female serum corticosterone Di pre CON / ALPS 1.21 [0.69, 2.13] 0.237 200.2 0.97 0.826 16 Di post CON / ALPS 0.31 [0.18, 0.55] 0.061 200.2 −5.98 <0.001 17 Pro pre CON / ALPS 0.79 [0.53, 1.18] 0.110 215.8 −1.67 0.387 18 Pro post CON / ALPS 0.40 [0.27, 0.59] 0.055 215.8 −6.70 <0.001 19 Di CON Pre / post 0.22 [0.13, 0.38] 0.041 109.0 −8.08 <0.001 20 Di ALPS Pre / post 0.06 [0.03, 0.10] 0.011 109.0 −14.47 <0.001 21 Pro CON Pre / post 0.26 [0.17, 0.41] 0.041 109.0 −8.62 <0.001 22 Pro ALPS Pre / post 0.13 [0.09, 0.18] 0.015 109.0 −18.00 <0.001 23 Pre CON Diestrus / proestrus 0.68 [0.41, 1.14] 0.120 213.5 −2.16 0.160 24 Pre ALPS Diestrus / proestrus 0.45 [0.28, 0.72] 0.074 215.5 −4.85 <0.001 25 Post CON Diestrus / proestrus 0.83 [0.50, 1.37] 0.145 213.5 −1.09 0.826 26 post ALPS Diestrus / proestrus 1.05 [0.65, 1.70] 0.174 215.5 0.31 0.826 27 4-1A Body mass STD - LBN 2.37 [0.16, 4.59] 1.067 21.9 2.22 0.037 28 CON - ALPS −0.97 [−1.68, −0.26] 0.353 50.7 −2.75 0.008 29 4-1B Percentage of change body mass CON - ALPS 3.66 [3.20, 4.11] 0.229 56.7 16.00 <0.001 30 4-1D Adrenal mass normalized to body mass STD - LBN −0.01 [−0.03, 0.00] 0.007 21.2 −2.01 0.057 31 4-1E Seminal vesicle mass CON - ALPS −12.78 [−27.44, 1.88] 7.295 49.4 −1.75 0.086 32 4-1F Seminal vesicle mass normalized to body mass STD - LBN −0.81 [−1.39, −0.23] 0.278 20.6 −2.91 0.008 33 CON - ALPS −0.51 [−1.02, −0.01] 0.253 52.4 −2.03 0.048 34 4-1G Testes mass STD - LBN 15.52 [8.10, 22.94] 3.565 20.8 4.35 <0.001 35 CON - ALPS 9.36 [3.25, 15.46] 3.046 55.0 3.07 0.003 36 Testes mass normalized to body mass CON - ALPS 0.27 [0.04, 0.49] 0.113 50.6 2.37 0.021 37 4-2B Percentage of change body mass Diestrus - proestrus −0.77 [−1.49, −0.04] 0.365 103.9 −2.10 0.038 38 CON - ALPS 2.83 [2.11, 3.55] 0.363 93.6 7.81 <0.001 39 4-2C Adrenal mass STD - LBN −0.29 [−0.57, 0.00] 0.140 30.6 −2.05 0.049 40 4-2D Adrenal mass normalized to body mass CON - ALPS −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00] 0.005 60.8 −1.76 0.084 41 4-2E Uterine mass Diestrus - proestrus −71.38 [−77.31, −65.46] 2.981 85.5 −23.95 <0.001 42 4-2F Uterine mass normalized to body mass Diestrus - proestrus −2.98 [−3.26, −2.71] 0.138 84.4 −21.62 <0.001 43 4-3B Male cort admin serum corticosterone 0 h 0 / 2 mg/kg 1.12 [0.78, 1.61] 0.151 172.7 0.86 0.393 44 1 h 0 / 2 mg/kg 0.14 [0.10, 0.20] 0.019 172.7 −14.72 <0.001 45 2 h 0 / 2 mg/kg 0.06 [0.04, 0.09] 0.008 172.7 −20.57 <0.001 46 3 h 0 / 2 mg/kg 0.15 [0.10, 0.21] 0.020 172.7 −14.34 <0.001 47 4 h 0 / 2 mg/kg 0.10 [0.07, 0.14] 0.013 172.7 −17.18 <0.001 48 5 h 0 / 2 mg/kg 0.18 [0.13, 0.26] 0.024 172.7 −12.70 <0.001 49 4-3C Percentage of change body mass 0 − 2 mg/kg 0.68 [−0.02, 1.39] 0.344 27.5 1.99 0.057 50 4-3H Testes mass 0 − 2 mg/kg 7.28 [1.90, 12.67] 2.613 24.5 2.79 0.010 51 4-3I Testes mass normalized to body mass 0 − 2 mg/kg 0.13 [−0.02, 0.28] 0.073 24.5 1.80 0.085 52 Holm's method for p value adjustment was used for multiple comparisons. Confidence intervals were adjusted using the more conservative Bonferroni's method. The statistical test used for each outcome is in Table 1.
Extended Data
Zip file of custom code for PSC detection and analysis, ffmpeg recording of dam behavior, and R analysis. Download Extended Data, ZIP file.
Table 1-1
Number of dams in each group for studies in Figure 1. Dam behavior includes values for number of nest exits per hour and percentage of time spent off the nest. Download Table 1-1, DOCX file.
Table 1-2
Statistics for tests of dam mass and dam behavior over time. Linear mixed model and pairwise comparisons of the dam mass on PND4, 11, and 21 was fit with the equation mass ∼ early-life treatment * PND@ + (1 | dam). Postnatal day (PND) was treated as a factor variable. Dam behavior parameters were analyzed with a nonparametric longitudinal model using the nparLD package in R, with the F1 LD F1 Model. The subject variable was each dam, early-life treatment (STD or LBN cage) was the between-subject factor (‘whole-plot’ factor), and PND was the within-subject factor (‘sub-plot’ repeated factor). Download Table 1-2, DOCX file.
Table 2-1
Linear mixed models of offspring mass on PND11 and anogenital distance. Equations were outcome ∼ early-life treatment * sex + (1 | dam). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing. Sex is males vs females. Download Table 2-1, DOCX file.
Table 2-2
Linear mixed model of the offspring mass from PND11-72 fit with the equation mass ∼ early-life treatment * PND@ + (1 | dam) + (1 | mouse). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing. PND@: Linear splines at PND21 and 35 allow the model to change the slope of the line for the segments between PND11-21, from 21-35, and from 35-72. Male and female offspring were fit with separate models. Download Table 2-2, DOCX file.
Table 2-3
Linear mixed models for maturation with the equation maturation feature ∼ early-life treatment + (1 | dam). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing. Models were fit for age and for mass at vaginal opening, first estrus, and preputial separation. Download Table 2-3, DOCX file.
Table 3-1
Statistics for estrous cycles from postnatal days 70-90. The number of cycles was fit with the linear mixed model equation # of cycles ∼ early-life treatment + (1 | dam). The log of the mean cycle length in days was fit with equation log10(cycle length) ∼ early-life treatment + (1 | dam). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing. The number of days spent in each cycle stage was assessed with a Chi-squared test (n = 3066). Download Table 3-1, DOCX file.
Figure 4-1
The ALPS paradigm caused small changes in tissue mass in males. Individual values and model mean ± SEM for A. morning body mass; B. percent change in body mass after adult treatment; C. adrenal mass; D. normalized adrenal mass; E. seminal vesicle mass; F. normalized seminal vesicle mass; G. testicular mass; and H. normalized testicular mass. Some error bars obscured by mean lines. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Numbers are in Table 4-3. Results from the full statistical models are in Table 4-4. Abbreviations: STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control; ALPS, acute, layered, psychosocial stress in adulthood. Download Figure 4-1, TIF file.
Figure 4-2
LBN and ALPS cause limited changes in tissue masses in females. Individual values and model mean ± SEM for A. morning body mass; B. percent change in body mass after adult treatment. C. adrenal mass; D. normalized adrenal mass; E. uterine mass; F. normalized uterine mass in diestrous (left) and proestrous (right) females. Some error bars obscured by mean lines. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Numbers are in Table 4-7. Results for the full statistical models are in Table 4-8. Abbreviations: STD, standard-reared; LBN, limited bedding and nesting; CON, adult control; ALPS, acute, layered, psychosocial stress in adulthood. Download Figure 4-2, TIF file.
Figure 4-3
Acute elevation of serum corticosterone decreases testicular mass in males. Individual and model mean ± SEM for A. morning body mass; B. serum corticosterone concentrations; comparisons between 0 and 2 mg/kg treatment at each hour; C. percent change in body mass after adult treatment. D. adrenal mass; E. normalized adrenal mass; F. seminal vesicle mass; G. normalized seminal vesicle mass; H. testicular mass; and I. normalized testicular mass. Some error bars are obscured by mean line. Vehicle (0 mg/kg): 11 litters and 19 mice, except for adrenal mass with 18 mice; corticosterone (2 mg/kg): 11 litters and 17 mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Results for the full statistical models are in Tables 4-5 and 4-6. Download Figure 4-3, TIF file.
Table 4-1
Number of litters and mice with serum corticosterone measurements before and after adult treatment. Download Table 4-1, DOCX file.
Table 4-2
Statistics for serum corticosterone in male and female offspring. Data from males were fit with the linear mixed model equation log10(cort) ∼ early-life treatment * adult treatment * time + (1 | mouse) + (1 | dam). Data from females were fit with the linear mixed model equation log10(cort) ∼ cycle stage * early-life treatment * adult treatment * time + (1 | mouse) + (1 | dam). Cycle stage is diestrus vs proestrus; early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing; adult treatment is CON vs ALPS; time is pre (0 h) vs post (5 h). Download Table 4-2, DOCX file.
Table 4-3
Number of litters and male mice with mass measurements on the day of adult treatment. Lower numbers for some tissue masses are attributable to loss of or damage to tissue at dissection. Download Table 4-3, DOCX file.
Table 4-4
Statistics from linear mixed models of male masses on day of adult treatment. Data were fit with the formula feature ∼ early-life treatment * adult treatment + (1 | dam). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing; adult treatment is CON vs ALPS. Download Table 4-4, DOCX file.
Table 4-5
Number of litters and female mice with mass measurements on the day of adult treatment. Adrenal masses were not collected from females used for electrophysiology studies (Figures 6-7). Lower numbers for some tissue masses are attributable to loss of or damage to tissue at dissection. Download Table 4-5, DOCX file.
Table 4-6
Statistics from linear mixed models of female masses on day of adult treatment. Data were fit with the formula feature ∼ early-life treatment * adult treatment * cycle stage + (1 | dam). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing; adult treatment is CON vs ALPS; cycle stage is diestrus vs proestrus. Download Table 4-6, DOCX file.
Table 4-7
Statistics from linear mixed models of male masses on day of vehicle (0 mg/kg) or corticosterone (2 mg/kg) treatment. Data were fit with the formula feature ∼ dosage + (1 | dam). Download Table 4-7, DOCX file.
Table 4-8
Statistics for serum corticosterone in males with vehicle or corticosterone administration. Data were fit with the linear mixed model equation log10(cort) ∼ dosage * time + (1 | mouse) + (1 | dam). Dosage is 0 mg/kg vs 2 mg/kg; time compares 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h. Download Table 4-8, DOCX file.
Table 5-1
Statistics from linear mixed models of average LH in diestrous mice on day of adult treatment. Data were fit with the formula average LH ∼ early-life treatment * adult treatment + (1 | dam). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN treatment; adult treatment is CON vs ALPS treatment. Download Table 5-1, DOCX file.
Table 6-1
Statistics from linear mixed models of electrophysiology properties on day of adult treatment. The mean value for each cell was calculated, and data were fit with the formula feature ∼ early-life treatment * adult treatment + (1 | dam) + (1 | mouse). Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing; adult treatment is CON vs ALPS. Download Table 6-1, DOCX file.
Table 7-1
Statistics for number of postsynaptic current (PSC) events per 240 s in GnRH neurons on the day of adult treatment. As the frequency data were skewed right and included zeros, a generalized linear mixed effects negative binomial model was used. Data were fit with the model equation # events per 240 s ∼ early-life treatment * adult treatment + (1 | mouse) + (1 | dam). The joint_tests function of the emmeans package was used to obtain these p-value estimates from the model. Early-life treatment is STD vs LBN rearing; adult treatment is CON vs ALPS. Download Table 7-1, DOCX file.
Table 7-2
Pairwise comparisons of distributions of interevent interval and amplitude for PSCs recorded in GnRH neurons. The Anderson-Darling criterion (AD), the standardized test statistic (T AD), and asymptotic p-value were calculated with the kSamples package (Scholz & Zhu, 2023). Bootstrapping was used to estimate the mean difference. The confidence interval is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The p-values for both tests were adjusted using Holm’s method for multiple comparisons. Download Table 7-2, DOCX file.
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