Neural Filtering of Physiological Tremor Oscillations to Spinal Motor Neurons Mediates Short-Term Acquisition of a Skill Learning Task

Method for common synaptic input estimation. A, Motor unit identification and tracking via decomposition from high-density surface electromyography signals, with motor unit separation vectors reapplied between trials. B, Raster plots of matched units between trials. C, Estimation of common synaptic oscillations using coherence analysis. This involved analyzing two equally sized CSTs, derived by summing the discharge times of motor units randomly selected from matched motor units.

Performance results. Four (first two and last two) out of the 15 trials were used for each participant to assess improvements in force-matching. A, Representative comparison between the force and target during the skill acquisition task. The yellow lines indicate dorsiflexion isometric forces produced by a participant for the first two trials, and the green lines for the last two trials. The black line indicates the target. B, C, Group results of RMSE between the force and target for the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (B) and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (C). Circles identify individual participants. Horizontal traces, boxes, and whiskers denote the median value, interquartile interval, and distribution range. *p < 0.05.

Force steadiness and force power spectrum results. Two trials were selected for each participant to represent the pre- and post-skill acquisition trials. A, Representative comparison between the force and target for these two trials, where the yellow and green lines indicate the pre- and post-skill acquisition trials, respectively. The black line indicates the target. B, Group results of coefficient of variation of force (force steadiness). C, Power spectrum of force signals depicted in A. The gray box shows a zoom in the alpha band (5–15 Hz). D, E, Group results of mean force power the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (D) and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (E). Circles identify individual participants. Horizontal traces, boxes, and whiskers denote median value, interquartile interval, and distribution range. *p < 0.05.

Mean discharge rate and discharge variability results. A, B, Mean discharge rate results of matched motor units between pre- and post-skill acquisition trials for the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (A) and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (B). C, D, Coefficient of variation of interspike interval results of matched motor units between pre- and post-skill acquisition trials for the TA (C) and FDI (D) muscles. Each circle identifies a matched motor unit between trials. Each color of the circles corresponds to a specific participant. Horizontal traces, boxes, and whiskers denote median value, interquartile interval, and distribution range. Density curves of the data are represented on the right side of each panel by half-violin plots (yellow for pre-skill acquisition and green for post-skill acquisition). Note that density curves can be used to visually compare differences between pre- and post-skill acquisition trials. *p < 0.05.

Motor unit coherence results. A, B, Pooled z-coherence profiles considering all participants for the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (A) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (B; yellow for pre-skill acquisition and green for post-skill acquisition). The horizontal dashed line indicates the confidence level. Vertical dashed lines highlight the three frequency bandwidths analyzed: delta (1–5 Hz), alpha (5–15 Hz), and beta (15–35 Hz) bands. Gray areas denote statistical differences in the area under the curve between pre- and post-skill acquisition trials. C, D, Group results of the area under the curve ratio of coherence for the TA (C) and FDI (D) muscles. Circles identify individual participants. Note that, for visualization purposes, the individual data point of one participant in the delta band of panel D (with a value exceeding 0.6) is not displayed. Horizontal traces, boxes, and whiskers denote median value, interquartile interval, and distribution range. Density curves of the data are represented on the right side of each panel by half-violin plots. *p < 0.05.

Coherence between force/neural drive and target results. Pooled z-coherence profiles between force and target (A) and CST and target (B) for the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (top) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (bottom). Yellow and green lines indicate the pre-skill acquisition and post-skill acquisition trials, respectively. Note that the frequency bandwidth analyzed was only the delta band (the frequency bandwidth of the target). Blue boxplots show the group results of the area under the curve ratio of z-coherence. Circles identify individual participants. Horizontal traces, boxes, and whiskers denote median value, interquartile interval, and distribution range. *p < 0.05.

Correlation results. Repeated-measures correlations between changes in motor unit coherence within the alpha band and root mean square error between force and target signals (A), as well as between motor unit coherence within alpha band and coherence between force and target (B), and between motor unit coherence within the alpha band and coherence between CST and target (C). For this analysis, data from tibialis anterior and first dorsal interosseous muscles were pooled together.

Simulated scenarios to investigate neural mechanisms underlying the experimental results. Two different scenarios were simulated to investigate potential mechanisms that could explain the observed changes between pre- and post-skill acquisition. In Scenario A (left panel), we hypothesized that decreases in alpha band with the acquisition of the force-matching skill could be explained by spinal interneurons phase-cancelling central oscillatory inputs in the alpha frequency range. In Scenario B (right panel), we hypothesized that reductions in alpha band with the force-matching skill acquisition could be explained by increases in presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferent feedback into the motor neuron pool. Details about how we simulated these scenarios are provided in the Materials and Methods section.