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History
- Received December 14, 2023
- Revision received February 8, 2024
- Accepted February 13, 2024
- Published online March 18, 2024.
Copyright & Usage
Copyright © 2024 Grandjean et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.
Author Information
- 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
- 2Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
- 3Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
- 4Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
- 5Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto 38068, Italy
- 6IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca 55100, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to Joanes Grandjean at joanes.grandjean{at}radboudumc.nl or Francesca Mandino at francesca.mandino{at}yale.edu.
Author contributions
Author contributions: J.G., E.M.R.L., M.P., and F.M. designed research; J.G., E.M.R.L., M.P., and F.M. performed research; J.G., E.M.R.L., M.P., and F.M. wrote the paper.
Disclosures
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
We thank Dr. Luiz Pessoa and Dr. Shella Keilholz for critical reading of the manuscript, and all the attendees to the “interlabs” small animal meeting for providing useful discussion that led to this piece.
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In this issue
What N Is N-ough for MRI-Based Animal Neuroimaging?
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- Article
- Abstract
- Large N Is Becoming the Norm for MRI-Based Human Neuroimaging
- Are the Considerations for Large N Different for Animal Studies?
- Are Effects Larger in MRI-Based Animal Neuroimaging than Behavioral Studies?
- Small Effects Are Not Bad. It Is Our Study Designs That Are Inadequate
- What Are We Trying to Accomplish?
- The Unparalleled Power (and Dimensionality) of Animal Research
- Humans Are Similar, Mice Are (Almost) Identical: Do We Really Understand the Sources of Heterogeneity in Our Neuroimaging Data?
- Increasing N Is Not Our Only Option for Improving Our Science
- What If the Effect Size Is Too Small to Detect with a Small N? Is N = 1,000 Ethical in Animal Research?
- How Animal Neuroimaging Data Are Obtained Matters
- Are We Able/Ready to Handle Big Datasets?
- What Should We Focus on, Instead?
- End Debate—Scene Unfreezes—Time to Answer the Question
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