Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Stimuli used in the beat perception task. Figure adapted from Kasdan et al. (2022).
- Figure 2.
Accented-Beat1 (A) and Accented-Beat2 (B) beta effects. In the Accent 1 condition, the first tone was accented, and in the Accent 2 condition, the second tone was accented (see Fig. 1 for visual representation). An Accented-Beat1 effect shows a stronger neural response to the beat in the first tone, and an Accented-Beat2 effect shows a stronger neural response to the beat in the second tone (see Materials and Methods). Time–frequency representations (TFRs) and topographies for N = 57, showing baseline corrected power changes in EEG beta neural activity at the first tone (A, Accented-Beat1 effect) and at the second tone (B, Accented-Beat2 effect). TFRs are shown on the left side of each panel displaying the average of all the channels belonging to the cluster; the black dashed box indicates the time and frequency boundaries of the significant clusters. Representative topographies (on the right side of each panel) are shown at the indicated latencies within the clusters. The color scale represents the percent change from the baseline. The same color bar applies to both the TFR and the corresponding topo plots. Significant channels are marked with black asterisks. Increased beta neural activity (i.e., bright yellow on the color scale) is found at the first tone when this was accented [in the Accent1 condition (top row) as compared with the Accent2 condition (bottom row)] in A, and increased beta neural activity is found at the second tone when this was accented [in the Accent2 condition (bottom row) as compared with the Accent1 condition (top row)] in B.
- Figure 3.
Accented-Beat1 (A) and Accented-Beat2 (B) gamma effects. TFRs and topographies for gamma neural activity at the first tone (A, Accented-Beat1 effect) and at the second tone (B, Accented-Beat2 effect). See Figure 1 for a description of the representation. Increased gamma neural activity was found for the first tone when this was accented [in the Accent1 condition (top row) as compared with the Accent2 condition (bottom row)] in A. Increased gamma neural activity was found for the second tone when this was accented [in the Accent2 condition (bottom row) as compared with the Accent1 condition (top row)] in B.
- Figure 4.
Inferred-Beat2 Inverted beta effect. TFRs and topographies for EEG evoked beta neural activity. See Figure 1 for a description of the representation. We found increased beta neural activity around the onset of the second tone in the Inferred1 condition (inferred beat on the first tone) compared with the Inferred2 condition (inferred beat on the second tone). This is opposite to what we expected and what we found in the accented conditions.
- Figure 5.
Significant correlation between power values of the Accented-Beat1 cluster in the beta frequency band with the Gold-MSI Perceptual Abilities Subscale.
Tables
Comparison Effect Frequency band Time window, ms Regional distribution p Accent1 vs Accent2 Accented-Beat1 effect Beta 0–144 Central <0.001 Gamma 2–120 Frontocentral <0.001 Accent1 vs Accent2 Accented-Beat2 effect Beta 188–340 Central 0.002 Gamma 188–316 Frontocentral <0.001 Inferred1 vs Inferred2 Inferred-Beat2 Inverted effect Beta 176–370 Right parietal 0.013 Mean (SD) Gold-MSI (N = 57) Perceptual abilities 46.90 (8.84) Musical training 22.42 (11.21) General sophistication 71.68 (21.39) BBA (N = 52) Simple d’ 1.78 (0.59) Complex d’ 1.53 (0.67) Overall d’ 1.65 (0.51) Scores for general sophistication can range from 18 to 126. Scores for the perceptual abilities subscale range from 9 to 63. Scores for the musical training subscale range from 7 to 49.
Cluster Frequency Gold-MSI Perceptual abilities Musical training General sophistication Inferred-Beat2 Inverted Effect Beta r = 0.01, p = 0.920 r = 0.08, p = 0.538 r = 0.10, p = 0.460 Accented-Beat2 Effect Beta r = 0.07, p = 0.627 r = −0.07, p = 0.595 r = 0.04, p = 0.795 Accented-Beat1 Effect Beta r = 0.42, p = 0.001 r = 0.28, p = 0.037 r = 0.36, p = 0.007 Accented-Beat1 Effect Gamma r = 0.20, p = 0.136 r = 0.09, p = 0.516 r = 0.16, p = 0.245 Accented-Beat2 Effect Gamma r = −0.27, p = 0.045 r = −0.32, p = 0.017 r = −0.33, p = 0.012 The correlation that remained significant after Bonferroni correction is marked in bold.
- Table 4.
Association between the Beta-Accented-Beat1 effect and perceptual abilities after controlling for covariates
Measure Β SE 95% CI p Perceptual abilities 0.33 0.119 (0.096–0.564) 0.007 Age −0.16 0.118 (−0.391 to 0.071) 0.180 Sex 1.21 0.453 (0.326–2.094) 0.010 SES −0.15 0.117 (−0.379 to 0.079) 0.198 R2 0.31 <0.001
In this issue
