Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Set of probabilistic regions-of interest (ROIs) used. Cytoarchitectonically regions inferred from the SPM Anatomy toolbox are overlayed on a structural template image in MNI-space using CAT toolbox. L, left hemisphere, R, right hemisphere, ROIs, regions of interest. Colors indicate different label number within the probabilistic motor ROIs, which are exemplary color coded on the right hemisphere.
- Figure 2.
Association of tau pathology in higher-order motor regions with disease category. The mean tau SUVRs for the nine regions are shown collapsed over both hemispheres. The graphs illustrate the significant region × group interaction, since a significant group effect for the mean tau SUVRs was observed in four regions (SMA, supplementary motor area; AG, angular gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobe; and DPMC, dorsal premotor cortex), while the tau SUVRs did not differ significantly between the three groups in the other five regions (primary motor, area MT/V5, supramarginal gyrus, primary sensory, and primary visual). HC, healthy controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; DAD, dementia of the Alzheimer's disease type. * Indicates p < 0.05 for the planned post hoc comparisons employing t tests.
- Figure 3.
Correlation between tau pathology in higher-order motor regions and cognitive dysfunction. Displayed are correlation coefficients from the partial correlation analysis, examining tau pathology in motor regions and performance on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog-13) for all participants (n = 135). SMA, supplementary motor area.
Tables
- Table 1.
Cytoarchitectonically mapped regions of the motor network and the corresponding Broadman area in the Julich Brain Atlas
Anatomical networks/regions Region Definition Julich Brain areas Primary regions Primary motor 4a, 4p Primary sensory (S1) 1, 2, 3a, 3b Primary visual HOc1 Dorso-dorsal network Dorsal premotor cortex 6d1, 6d2, 6d3 Superior parietal lobe 5ci, 5l, 5m 7a, 7m, 7p, 7pc Common network Angular gyrus PGa, PGp Lateral occipital cortex/extra-striate body area V5 Supramarginal gyrus SMG PFcm, PFm, PFop, PFt Supplementary motor area SMA 6mc, 6mr Additionally regions were categorized based on the spatial placement in the motor networks.
HC (N = 26) MCI+ (N = 84) DAD+ (N = 25) Age 73.53 (8.1) 68.61 (5.4) 68.68 (6.3) Sex (% male) 53 56 68 MMSE 28.7 (1.5) 27.7 (2.0) 22.6 (2.7) APOE (% carrier) 23% 23% 28% Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. DAD, dementia of the Alzheimer's disease type; APOE4, apolipoprotein E4; HC, healthy controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, mini mental state examination. “+” Indicates that individuals were amyloid positives.
- Table 3.
Overall results of the repeated measurement ANOVA, including the factors of group, age, region, and hemisphere and their respective interactions
Repeated measurement ANOVA df F ηp2 p Between-subject effects Age 1 0.335 0.003 0.564 Group 2 3.55 0.051 0.032 Within-subject effects Hemisphere 1 1.34 0.010 0.249 Hemisphere × age 1 1.07 0.008 0.301 Hemisphere × group 2 0.162 0.002 0.850 Region 1 0.272 0.002 0.603 Region × age 1 0.135 0.001 0.714 Region × group 2 3.84 0.055 0.024 Hemisphere ×region 1 0.949 0.007 0.332 Hemisphere × region × age 1 0.950 0.007 0.332 Hemisphere × region × group 1 0.127 0.002 0.880 df, degrees of freedom. Bold font indicates significant effects.
- Table 4.
Summary of the one-way ANOVA evaluating the group × region interaction with the significant main effect of group displayed
Between-group differences df F ηp2 p Primary motor 2 2.11 0.031 0.125 Area MT, V5 2 2.64 0.039 0.075 SMA 2 4.68 0.066 0.011 Angular gyrus 2 3.69 0.053 0.027 SMG 2 2.54 0.037 0.083 SPL 2 3.71 0.053 0.027 DPMC 2 3.73 0.053 0.027 Primary sensory 2 1.17 0.017 0.331 Primary visual 2 1.57 0.023 0.211 The order of regions in this table follows the display order in Figure 2. SMA, supplementary motor area; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobe; DPMC, dorsal premotor cortex; df, degrees of freedom. Regions in bold font show significant effects.
- Table 5.
Results of the planned post hoc comparison in regions with a significant group effect (see Table 4)
Region DAD versus HC/MCI Mean difference (SE) Significance Confidence level Lower bound Upper bound SMA SMA DAD HC 0.204 (0.067) 0.031 0.069 0.338 SMA DAD MCI 0.128 (0.055) 0.021 0.019 0.237 Angular gyrus AG DAD HC 0.340 (0.139) 0.015 0.064 0.617 AG DAD MCI 0.280 (0.113) 0.016 0.055 0.505 SPL SPL DAD HC 0.185 (0.078) 0.021 0.028 0.340 SPL DAD MCI 0.164 (0.064) 0.012 0.037 0.290 DPMC DPMC DAD HC 0.224 (0.085) 0.010 0.055 0.393 DPMC DAD MCI 0.155 (0.069) 0.027 0.017 0.290 HC, healthy controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; DAD, dementia of the Alzheimer's disease type; SE, standard error; SMA, supplementary motor area; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobe; DPMC, dorsal premotor cortex. Bold numbers denote significant effects (p < .05).
- Table 6.
Partial correlation on relationship between ADAS-Cog-13 and motor regions showing a significant main effect of group on tau SUVR
Partial correlation coefficients (age, group) SMA Angular gyrus SPL DPMC ADAS-Cog-13 Correlation 0.251 0.248 0.232 0.208 Significance 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.017 df 130 130 130 130 95% confidence interval Lower 0.067 0.070 0.035 0.044 Upper 0.410 0.427 0.418 0.397 SMA, supplementary motor area; SPL, superior parietal lobe; DPMC, dorsal premotor cortex; df, degrees of freedom, 95% confidence interval based on bootstrapping (1,000 repetitions) implemented in SPSS v27. Bold numbers denote significant effects (p < .05)
Figure S1
Association of tau pathology in higher-order motor regions with disease category in a box-plot diagram. Blue: Motor Regions; Green: Control Regions. The mean tau SUVRs for the nine regions are shown collapsed over both hemispheres. The graphs illustrate the significant Region × Group interaction, since a significant group effect for the mean tau SUVRs was observed in four regions (SMA; Supplementary Motor Area, AG; Angular Gyrus, SPL; Superior Parietal Lobe, and DPMC; Dorsal Premotor Cortex), while the tau SUVRs did not differ significantly between the three groups in the other five regions (Primary Motor, Area MT/V5, Supramarginal Gyrus, Primary Sensory, and Primary Visual). HC = Healthy Controls, MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment, DAD = dementia of the Alzheimer's disease type. * indicates p < 0.05 for the planned post-hoc comparisons employing t-tests. Download Figure 1-1, DOCX file.
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