Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Trial sequence and region of interest definition. a, After a variable baseline delay (1–2 s), an auditory cue lasting 1.5 s played, followed by a variable pretarget delay (0.5–2 s). This pretarget delay was our analysis window. After target onset, participants responded as fast as possible, indicating via button press whether the target tone shifted upward or downward in pitch. b, Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined as the source location with maximum evoked activation versus baseline, based on the evoked response to the auditory cue for the auditory cortex ROI (left panel) and based on the evoked response to the button press for the motor cortex ROI (right). Showing source reconstruction for one representative subject (with a 95%-maximum activity threshold applied for illustrative purposes).
- Figure 2.
β Dynamics. a, Power spectra in motor cortex during the pretarget versus precue delays. For a time-frequency representation of the same contrast, see Extended Data Figure 2-1, top. b, Instantaneous β frequency in motor cortex during the pretarget versus precue delays. c, β Burst properties in motor cortex during the pretarget versus precue delays: frequency range, time range, timing relative to target onset, peak amplitude, number of events, and peak frequency. d–f, Same as a–c for auditory cortex. For a time-frequency representation of d, see Extended Data Figure 2-1, bottom. Shaded regions around the line graphs represent the SEM. Horizontal dotted lines represent significant clusters (p < 0.05). Spectra in a and d were detrended by removing 1/f slope. Note that in b and e, the vertical dotted lines corresponding to time point zero represent the cue onset for the precue time courses (blue) and target onset for the pretarget time courses (red). Asterisks in c and f represent significant differences between distributions.
- Figure 3.
Relation between β dynamics and reaction times. a, Power spectra in motor cortex for trials with slow versus fast reaction times. b, Time-resolved β power in motor cortex for trials with slow versus fast reaction times. c, Regression slopes for the relationship between reaction times and time-resolved β power in auditory cortex. d, Same as a for auditory cortex. e, Instantaneous β frequency in auditory cortex for trials with slow versus fast reaction times. f, Regression slopes for the relationship between reaction times and instantaneous frequency in auditory cortex. Shaded regions around the line graphs represent the SEM. Horizontal dotted lines represent significant clusters (p < 0.05). Vertical dashed lines represent time point zero (target onset). Spectra in a and d were detrended by removing 1/f slope.
- Figure 4.
Auditory-motor cortex connectivity. a, Pairwise phase consistency between auditory and motor cortices for slow versus fast reaction times. b, Granger causality from auditory to motor cortex for slow versus fast reaction times. c, Granger causality from motor to auditory cortex for slow versus fast reaction times. Shaded regions around the line graphs represent the SEM. Dotted lines represent significant clusters (p < 0.05).
Extended Data
Extended Data Figure 2-1
Time-frequency analysis. Top, Pretarget (vs precue) β power was significantly suppressed throughout the entire tested time-frequency range. Bottom, No significant differences in β power between pretarget and precue intervals. Download Figure 2-1, EPS file.
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