Light synchronizes mammalian circadian rhythms with environmental time by modulating
retinal input to the circadian pacemaker—the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the …

The primary circadian pacemaker, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian
brain, is photoentrained by light signals from the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tract. …

Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In
addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and circadian …

In the mammalian retina, a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are intrinsically
photosensitive, express the opsin-like protein melanopsin, and project to brain nuclei involved in …

… et al.,2002; Hannibal et al.,2002; Hattar et al.,2002), a link that helps to synchronize this
master pacemaker of circadian rhythms to the solar cycle (Berson,2003; Hirota and Fukada,2004)…

Rod and cone photoreceptors detect light and relay this information through a multisynaptic
pathway to the brain by means of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) 1 . These retinal outputs …

A novel photoreceptor of the mammalian retina has recently been discovered and characterized.
The novel cells differ radically from the classical rod and cone photoreceptors. They …

Using the photopigment melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)
respond directly to light to drive circadian clock resetting and pupillary constriction. We …

Melanopsin 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 has been proposed to be the photopigment of the intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ; these …

Light exerts a range of powerful biological effects beyond image vision, including mood and
learning regulation. While the source of photic information affecting mood and cognitive …