In an experiment designed to demonstrate a double dissociation, the effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of either the posteroventral or the ventrolateral regions of the neostriatum on the conditioned emotional response (CER) were examined. Posteroventral lesions impaired acquisition of the CER with a visual CS but not with an olfactory CS. Sham-operated posteroventral and ventrolateral lesioned animals acquired the visual CER normally. Ventrolateral lesions impaired acquisition of the CER with the olfactory CS but not with the visual CS. Sham-operated ventrolateral and posteroventral lesioned animals acquired the olfactory CER normally. In a second experiment the effect of post-training unilateral intrastriatal microinjections of (+)-amphetamine on acquisition of the visual and olfactory CERs was studied. Posteroventral injections improved retention of the visual, but not the olfactory CER. Ventrolateral injections improved retention of the olfactory, but not the visual CER. Saline and delayed (+)-amphetamine injection controls demonstrated that the improvement of retention in each case was a retroactive improvement of memory for the recently acquired CERs by (+)-amphetamine. These findings are consistent with previous reports of post-training memory facilitation mediated by dopaminergic function in the neostriatum. The results of both experiments are consistent with a regional functional heterogeneity hypothesis: the idea that anatomically linked areas of cortex and neostriatum process memories involving different stimuli in similar ways and that the integrity of these structures and their connections is necessary to establish and consolidate associative memory.