Abstract
How do we understand the actions of others? According to the direct matching hypothesis, action understanding results from a mechanism that maps an observed action onto motor representations of that action1,2,3,4. Although supported by neurophysiological1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 and brain-imaging3,14,15,16,17,18 studies, direct evidence for this hypothesis is sparse. In visually guided actions, task-specific proactive eye movements are crucial for planning and control19,20,21,22. Because the eyes are free to move when observing such actions, the direct matching hypothesis predicts that subjects should produce eye movements similar to those produced when they perform the tasks. If an observer analyses action through purely visual means, however, eye movements will be linked reactively to the observed action. Here we show that when subjects observe a block stacking task, the coordination between their gaze and the actor's hand is predictive, rather than reactive, and is highly similar to the gaze–hand coordination when they perform the task themselves. These results indicate that during action observation subjects implement eye motor programs directed by motor representations of manual actions and thus provide strong evidence for the direct matching hypothesis.
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Acknowledgements
We thank G. Westling and A. Bäckström for engineering and software support. This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Swedish Medical Research Council, the Göran Gustafsson Foundation for Research in Natural Sciences and Medicine, and the 5th Framework Program of European Union.
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Flanagan, J., Johansson, R. Action plans used in action observation. Nature 424, 769–771 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01861
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01861
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