Single unit activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during pavlovian heart rate conditioning: Effects of peripheral autonomic blockade
Introduction
It has been suggested that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) integrates emotional memories with sensory and motor memories to regulate sensory information and plan behavior (Damasio, 1999, Goel et al., 1997). Thus, the PFC may attach emotional significance to remembered facts, so that feelings evoked by a particular event are recalled with memory for that event, in order that emotions occur during a specific context. Thus, patients with frontal lobe damage typically express dysfunctional emotions, which may interfere with reasoning and may relate to the maladaptive behaviors observed (Damasio, 1999, Fuster, 1997).
This emotional learning component, which is impaired in humans with PFC damage, may be indexed by the autonomic component of associative learning, exhibited by animals, as well as people during Pavlovian conditioning (Powell, 1999, Powell et al., 2000). Recent research using animal models have investigated the role of the PFC in regulating learned autonomic adjustments, which are presumed to index emotional processing in animals. For example, lesions of the anterior cingulate (Brodmann’s area 24) and prelimbic cortex (Brodmann’s area 32) attenuate conditioned bradycardia during aversive eyeblink (EB) conditioning in restrained rabbits (Buchanan and Powell, 1993, Powell, 1999, Powell et al., 1994). Moreover, infralimbic (area 25) lesions attenuate conditioned tachycardia and pressor responses in freely moving rats (Frysztak and Neafsey, 1991, Frysztak and Neafsey, 1994). However, neither EB nor jaw movement (JM) somatomotor conditioning is disrupted by PFC lesions (Buchanan and Powell, 1982, McLaughlin and Powell, 1999, Powell, 1994, Powell et al., 1993), although the accompanying HR response is severely depressed. Electrical stimulation studies are compatible with the lesion studies, in suggesting that area 24 and area 32 mediate the parasympathetic changes that occur during Pavlovian conditioning (Neafsey et al., 1986, Powell, 1994). Electrophysiological recording studies have found that conditioned stimulus (CS) evoked activity of single cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was related to the magnitude of concomitant, CS-evoked changes in HR (Gibbs and Powell, 1991, Maxwell et al., 1994). The majority of these cells showed CS-evoked increases in discharge, but some showed CS-evoked decreases as well. These recording studies thus suggest that neural activity in the mPFC contributes significantly to the development and/or expression of learned cardiovascular adjustments in the rabbit (Gibbs, Prescott, & Powell, 1992).
Although single unit output was associated with the conditioned HR changes elicited in the above electrophysiological studies, it was impossible from these data to determine, if or whether, such changes were related to actual acquisition of the HR CR, since these recordings were made during extinction after training was complete (Gibbs and Powell, 1991, Maxwell et al., 1994). This procedure was necessary, because it is difficult to record from a single cell over successive trials due to head movement produced by the presentation of the periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus, even though the animal’s head is restrained, since the electrode is acutely lowered into the brain. In the present study a different method was employed that allows the recording of multiple unit activity from fine wires resting in the brain and the offline separation of single units from such activity over trials so that acquisition of behavioral change can be assessed. This technology was employed in the present study to assess whether discharge of mPFC neurons change as a function of acquisition trials.
A second question asked in the present experiments was whether peripheral autonomic blockade, which would interfere with normal sympathetic and vagal influences on the heart would influence correlated mPFC neuronal activity. This experiment was motivated by the question of whether CS-evoked changes in discharge of mPFC cells is produced by peripheral afferent activity from the heart induced by the cardiac changes that occur during conditioning. Vagal afferents, for example, are known to reach prefrontal areas (Bailey and Bremer, 1938, Encabo and Ruarte, 1967). Thus, mPFC discharge in response to the conditional stimulus could be driven by these afferents. The alternative hypothesis, of course, is that such mPFC neuronal activity is causally related to the cardiac changes produced by the conditioning contingencies. The lesion data described above would suggest that the latter is the case. Nevertheless, to test the former hypothesis, in a second experiment single unit activity was assessed in animals after the administration of either saline, methylscopolamine, or atenolol, to determine whether mPFC activity would be affected by peripheral administration of these pharmacological agents.
Section snippets
Animals
New Zealand albino rabbits (8 males and 9 females), approximately 6 months of age were obtained from a local supplier licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Robinson Services, Winston Salem, NC). The rabbits were individually housed in an animal facility accredited by the American Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Animal Laboratory Care International. The animals were subjected to a 12-h light: 12-h dark cycle (lights on at 07:00 h in the morning) with food
Experiment 2
During Experiment 2 administration of the beta adrenergic antagonist, atenolol, and cholinergic antagonist methylscopolamine were administered to separate groups of animals to determine whether peripheral autonomic blockade would have an effect on CS-evoked single unit activity observed during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning.
General discussion
The finding that CS-evoked change in single unit activity occur in areas 32 and 24 of the mPFC is consistent with our earlier studies of single unit discharge in the dorsomedial mPFC and the prelimbic area (Gibbs and Powell, 1991, Maxwell et al., 1994). A major difference between these studies and the present study, however, is that in the present study, due to the use of the cluster recording electrodes permanently implanted in the brain, we were able to demonstrate that a subset of neurons in
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Department of Veterans Affairs Institutional Medical Research funds awarded to the William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC. We thank Elizabeth Hamel for manuscript preparation and Andrew Pringle, Jr. for preparation of the illustrations.
References (39)
- et al.
Non-primary sensory projections of the fronto-orbital cortical area in the cat
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
(1967) - et al.
The effect of medial frontal cortex lesions on cardiovascular conditioned emotional responses in the rat
Brain Research
(1994) - et al.
Single-unit activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during the expression of discriminative bradycardia in rabbits
Behavioural Brain Research
(1991) - et al.
Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit
Physiology and Behavior
(1979) - et al.
Pavlovian heart rate and jaw movement conditioning in the rabbit: Effects of medial prefrontal lesions
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
(1999) - et al.
Characterization of the neuronal changes in the medial prefrontal cortex during jaw movement and eyeblink pavlovian conditioning in the rabbit
Behavioural Brain Research
(2002) - et al.
The topographical organization of neurons in the rat medial frontal, insular and olfactory cortex projecting to the solitary nucleus, olfactory bulb, periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus
Brain Research
(1986) - et al.
Multiple-unit activity of the prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus during acquisition of discriminative avoidance behavior in rabbits
Brain Research
(1983) A behavioral stages model of classical (pavlovian) conditioning: Application to cognitive aging
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
(1999)- et al.
Peripheral autonomic mechanisms and pavlovian conditioning in the rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus)
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
(1980)