Multivariate linear discrimination of seizures
Introduction
EEG is a complex signal. As a crude measure of electrical activity within the brain, we are aware of no single measure that adequately captures the nature of EEG dynamics or the dynamics of the underlying brain processes. Although there have been extensive univariate analyses of EEG and seizure dynamics, much less exploration of the role of formal multivariate analysis and discrimination has been attempted. In principle, multiple independent measures of relevant brain and seizure dynamics should help to discriminate interictal and ictal states with higher accuracy than any single measure.
Seizures have long been postulated to be a manifestation of excessive synchronization, and the earliest reference to ‘hypersynchronization’ that we are aware of was by Penfield and Jasper (1954). Since then, the presumption that seizures are a manifestation of synchronization has become pervasive (Kandel et al., 1991). Indeed, there have been multiple recent findings consistent with the possibility that a measure of synchronization might indicate changes in EEG dynamics prior to seizure onsets (Jerger et al., 2001, Lehnertz and Elger, 1995, Lehnertz and Elger, 1998, Lerner, 1996, le Van Quyen et al., 1998, le Van Quyen et al., 1999, Lopes da Silva et al., 1989, Mormann et al., 2000, Quian Quiroga et al., 2002).
Multivariate analysis of data has become highly refined in the 20th century (Anderson, 1984, Johnson and Wichern, 1998). In multivariate analysis, independent measures of data can be shown to be more sensitive than univariate discriminators. Furthermore, for correlated variables, a formal multivariate approach can be far more accurate in classifying data than multiple independent comparisons.
We here follow the approach of Flury (1997), and construct a linear discriminator based on measures of cross-correlation and phase synchronization during seizure and non-seizure periods. If seizures were a manifestation of increased synchronization, we hypothesized that a pre-seizure state could consist of a partial increase in synchronization bridging the interictal and seizure periods.
Section snippets
Methods
Data set B from the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, was visually inspected in its entirety by a Board Certified Neurologist and Clinical Neurophysiologist (SLW). This data set comprised intracranial recordings from a patient monitored over 6 days. Unequivocal seizure onsets and offsets were identified from the EEG as well as the earliest visually evident electrographic changes. Groups of channels demonstrating similar activity were identified as clusters. Clusters of electrodes
Results
The probability that the bivariate synchrony discriminator classified the training sets correctly varied from 100% accuracy (seizures 1 and 7), to as low as 24% (seizure 9). Quite unexpectedly, this synchrony discriminator failed to achieve over 95% accuracy in classification in 7 of 9 seizures (Table 1).
Fig. 1 shows the number of discriminations (4 of 5 consecutive threshold crossings) for the entire time series. Before 8 seizures (seizures 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12) the frequency of
Discussion
Using a bivariate measure of synchronization failed to reliably differentiate seizures from non-seizure periods in these data, nor did such methods show reliable detection of a synchronous pre-seizure state.
There are several possibilities to account for such discriminator behavior. In using a measure of synchronization to characterize seizures, we make the assumption that a pre-seizure state would reflect a subtle development of the same dynamics that characterize the upcoming seizure. One
Acknowledgements
Work supported by NIH grants K02MH01493 and R01MH50006.
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