ReviewAnxiety, cognition, and habit: A multiple memory systems perspective
Section snippets
A multiple systems view of memory organization: hippocampus and dorsal striatum
Neurobiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the mammalian brain does not contain a single memory center or brain structure that mediates the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of all types of learned information. Rather, extensive evidence indicates that mammalian memory is organized in multiple brain systems (for reviews see Packard and Knowlton, 2002, White and McDonald, 2002, Squire, 2004). Scoville and Milner's surgical preparations in epileptic patients conducted in the
Emotional arousal and the relative use of multiple memory systems
As previously mentioned, the influence of emotional arousal associated with exposure to stressful stimuli and/or administration of stress hormones on learning and memory are complex, and both impairing and enhancing effects have been observed (for reviews see Shors, 2006, Joels et al., 2006). Within a multiple memory systems framework, several recent studies in our laboratory have examined whether one factor that may be important when assessing the relationship between emotional arousal and
Basolateral amygdala, anxiety, and emotional modulation of multiple memory systems
The findings described above indicate that peripheral injections of anxiogenic doses of the noradrenergic α2-adrenoreceptor antagonists yohimbine or RS 79948-197 influences the relative use of multiple memory systems in a manner that favors the use of dorsal striatal-dependent habit memory. An additional question concerns identification of the neural site(s) that mediate this effect, and several lines of evidence implicate the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as a candidate brain structure. First,
Emotional modulation of multiple memory systems: possible implications for psychopathology
The evidence reviewed suggests that emotional state can influence the relative use multiple memory systems in rats, and that the BLA is part of the neural circuitry that mediates this effect. Taken together, evidence from human neuropsychological (e.g. Cohen and Squire, 1980; Butters et al., 1994; Heindel et al., 1988, Knowlton et al., 1996, Martone et al., 1984) and neuroimaging (e.g. Poldrack et al., 2001, Iaria et al., 2003, Doeller et al., 2008) research also indicates differential roles
Acknowledgments
Manuscript is based on author's presentation at Elsevier's Brain Research Meeting: “Stress, Coping, and Disease”, Washington DC Oct. 2008. Research supported by National Science Foundation Grant IBN-0312212 (M. P.).
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