I. Conceptual basis of VT Chapter 3
Ultrastructural evidence for diffuse transmission by monoamine and acetylcholine neurons of the central nervous system

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(00)25005-XGet rights and content

Publisher Summary

Wealth of evidence has accumulated to confirm the reality and heuristic value of the volume transmission paradigm. In its largest acceptance, this diffuse mode of transmission may now be considered to apply not only to neuronal populations characterized by a paucity of synaptic junctions, but also to wholly junctional ones, such as the glycine-, GABA- and glutamate-containing neurons, which display spillover of their transmitter. Using immunoelectron microscopy, many of the receptors for these aminoacidergic transmitters, as well as for monoamines, ACh and neuropeptides, have been visualized in extrasynaptic membrane locations, on neuronal somata, dendrites, axons and axon terminals, as well as glia and endothelial cells, often remote from the corresponding release sites. The ambient level hypothesis has provided a framework for explaining some of the sustained and regulatory, as well as trophic-like effects of transmitters on a prolonged time scale.

References (118)

  • I.E. Dori et al.

    The development of the synaptic organization of the serotonergic system differs in brain areas with different functions

    Exp. Neurol.

    (1998)
  • G. Doucet et al.

    Quantification of the dopamine innervation in adult rat neostriatum

    Neuroscience

    (1986)
  • F. Eckenstein et al.

    Cholinergic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex demonstrated by immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase

    Neurosci. Lett.

    (1983)
  • E.J. Glazer et al.

    Axons which take up [3H]serotonin are presynaptic to enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in cat dorsal horn

    Brain Res.

    (1984)
  • J.J. Hanley et al.

    Synaptology of the nigrostriatal projection in relation to the compartmental organization of the neostriatum in the rat

    Neuroscience

    (1997)
  • S.R. Hansson et al.

    Serotonin transporter messenger RNA in the developing rat brain: early expression in serotonergic neurons and transient expression in non-serotonergic neurons

    Neuroscience

    (1998)
  • P. Kasa et al.

    Synaptic and non-synaptic cholinergic innervation of the various types of neurons in the main olfactory bulb of adult rat: immunocytochemistry of choline acetyltransferase

    Neuroscience

    (1995)
  • J.C. Lauterborn et al.

    In situ hybridization localization of choline acetyltransferase mRNA in adult rat brain and spinal cord

    Mol. Brain Res.

    (1993)
  • C. Lebrand et al.

    Transient uptake and storage of serotonin in developing thalamic neurons

    Neuron

    (1996)
  • A.I. Levey et al.

    Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons intrinsic to rodent cortex and distinction from acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons

    Neuroscience

    (1984)
  • D.J. Maxwell et al.

    Fine structure of serotonin-containing axons in the marginal zone of the rat spinal cord

    Brain Res.

    (1983)
  • P.L. McGeer et al.

    Neostriatal choline acetylase and cholinesterase following selective brain lesions

    Brain Res.

    (1971)
  • H. Moukhles et al.

    Quantitative and morphometric data indicate precise cellular interactions between serotonin terminals and postsynaptic targets in rat substantia nigra

    Neuroscience

    (1997)
  • A. Mrini et al.

    Quantification of the serotonin hyperinnervation in adult rat neostriatum after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of nigral dopamine neurons

    Brain Res.

    (1995)
  • C. Nicholson et al.

    Extracellular space structure revealed by diffusion analysis

    Trends Neurosci.

    (1998)
  • O.G. Nilsson et al.

    Amelioration of spatial memory impairment by intrahippocampal grafts of mixed septal and raphe tissue in rats with combined cholinergic and serotonergic denervation of the forebrain

    Brain Res.

    (1990)
  • R.L. Nogueira et al.

    Role of 5-HT receptors in the modulation of dorsal periaqueductal gray matter of the rat

    Pharmac. Biochem. Behav.

    (1995)
  • S. Oleskevich et al.

    Ultrastructural features of the serotonin innervation in adult rat hippocampus: an immunocytochemical description in single and serial thin sections

    Neuroscience

    (1991)
  • G.C. Papadopoulos et al.

    Monoaminergic fibers form conventional synapses in the cerebral cortex

    Neurosci. Lett.

    (1987)
  • E. Perry et al.

    Acetylcholine in mind: a neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness

    Trends Neurosci.

    (1999)
  • C.M. Portas et al.

    On-line detection of extracellular levels of serotonin in dorsal raphe nucleus and frontal cortex over the sleep/wake cycle in freely moving rat

    Neuroscience

    (1998)
  • P. Poulat et al.

    5-Hydroxytryptamine, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone synapses in the intermediolateral cell column of the rat thoracic spinal cord

    Neurosci. Lett.

    (1992)
  • J.-L. Ridet et al.

    Spinal dopaminergic system of the rat: light and electron microscopic study using an antiserum against dopamine, with particular emphasis on synaptic incidence

    Brain Res.

    (1992)
  • J.-L. Ridet et al.

    Evidence for non-synaptic serotonergic and noradrenergic innervation of the rat dorsal horn and possible involvement of neuron-glia interactions

    Neuroscience

    (1993)
  • H.L. Rowley et al.

    Elevation of extracellular cortical noradrenaline may contribute to the antidepressant activity of zotepine: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely moving rats

    Neuropharmacology

    (1998)
  • M.A. Ruda et al.

    Ultrastructural characterization of axonal endings in the substantia gelatinosa which take up [3H]serotonin

    Brain Res.

    (1980)
  • M.K. Schafer et al.

    Cholinergic neurons and terminal fields revealed by immunohistochemistry for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. I. Central nervous system

    Neuroscience

    (1998)
  • P. Seguela et al.

    Ultrastructural features of dopamine axon terminals in the anteromedial and suprarhinal cortex of adult rat

    Brain Res.

    (1988)
  • P. Seguela et al.

    Noradrenaline axon terminals in adult rat neocortex: an immunocytochemical analysis in serial thin sections

    Neuroscience

    (1990)
  • S.R. Sesack et al.

    Ultrastructural associations between dopamine terminals and local circuit neurons in the monkey prefrontal cortex: a study of calretinin-immunoreactive cells

    Neurosci. Lett.

    (1995)
  • J.F. Smiley et al.

    Cholinergic synapses in human cerebral cortex: an ultrastructural study in serial sections

    Exp. Neurol.

    (1997)
  • C. Aoki

    β-adrenergic receptors: astrocytic localization in the adult visual cortex and their relation to catecholamine axon terminals as revealed by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry

    J. Neurosci.

    (1992)
  • C. Aoki et al.

    Cholinergic terminals in the cat visual cortex: ultrastructural basis for interaction with glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and other cells

    Vis. Neurosci.

    (1992)
  • C. Aoki et al.

    Cellular and subcellular sites for noradrenergic action in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as revealed by the immunocytochemical localization of noradrenergic receptors and axons

    Cereb. Cortex

    (1998)
  • E.A. Arce et al.

    Ultrastructural organization of the noradrenergic innervation of the superficial gray layer of the hamster's superior colliculus

    Synapse

    (1994)
  • D.M. Armstrong

    Ultrastructural characterization of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in the basal forebrain of rat: evidence for a cholinergic innervation of intracerebral blood vessels

    J. Comp. Neurol.

    (1986)
  • A. Beaudet et al.

    Ultrastructural identification of serotonin neurons

  • S.R.G. Beckett et al.

    Attenuation of chemically-induced defence responses by 5-HT, receptor agonists administered into the periaqueductal grey

    Psychopharmacology

    (1992)
  • S. Boulaich et al.

    Synaptic connectivity of serotonin graft efferents in the suprachiasmatic and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

    Exp. Brain Res.

    (1994)
  • M.A. Bunin et al.

    Quantitative evaluation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) release and uptake: an investigation of extrasynaptic transmission

    J. Neurosci.

    (1998)
  • Cited by (0)

    View full text