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A reformed “release hypothesis” for Marcus Gunn Syndrome, based on newer clinic observations and experimental evidences
2020, Medical HypothesesCitation Excerpt :Meanwhile, we also conducted electrophysiological single unit recording in the III and INC by electric stimuli on the rat masseter nerve, and we recorded some orthodromic unit discharges in the III and INC [63]. Hence, we considered this pathway is mainly composed of jaw muscle afferent Vme because their peripheral processes travel through the masseter nerve [64,65]; in contrast, peripheral process of the periodontal afferent Vme neurons do not. Further, we also visualized intracellularly labeled axons of the jaw muscle afferent Vme neuron climbing into the ipsilateral III following injection of tracers into a Vme neuronal soma that responds to electric stimuli of the masseter nerve [62].
Transcortical descending pathways through granular insular cortex conveying orofacial proprioception
2018, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :Intraaxonal labeling studies have revealed that the rat spindle Me5 afferents ipsilaterally project not only to jaw-closing motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5) but also to pontomedullary regions such as the supratrigeminal nucleus (Su5), dorsomedial part of the trigeminal principal nucleus (Pr5) and dorsomedial part of trigeminal oral subnucleus (5Odm); these regions contain premotoneurons projecting to the Mo5 bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance (Luo et al., 1995, 2001). These earlier findings indicate that the JCMS proprioceptive information can directly or indirectly exert reflexive jaw-movements (Goldberg and Nakamura, 1968; Kidokoro et al., 1968; Ohta and Moriyama, 1986; Shigenaga et al., 1988, 1990). We have recently demonstrated that the rat JCMS proprioceptive signals through the spindle Me5 afferents are conveyed to the Su5, then to the caudo-ventromedial edge (VPMcvm) of the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) on the contralateral side, and finally to the dorsal part (dGIrvs2) of granular insular cortex (GI) rostroventrally adjacent to the rostralmost part of secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) (Fujio et al., 2016; Sato et al., 2017; Yoshida et al., 2017).
Direct projection from the lateral habenula to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rats
2016, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :Many Vmes neurons in all vertebrates have been reported to make soma-somatic contacts that are considered to be sites for electric coupling between the Vmes neurons (Baker and Llinás, 1971; Hinrichsen and Larramendi, 1968, 1969, 1979; Liem et al., 1991; Rokx and van Willigen, 1988). It has also been demonstrated that some Vmes neurons give off axon collaterals terminating the cell bodies of other Vmes neurons (Dessem and Taylor, 1989; Luo and Dessem, 1996; Luo et al., 1995; Paik et al., 2005; Shigenaga et al., 1990). These earlier findings suggest the possibility that the Vmes neurons can activate the neighboring Vmes neurons by local interneuronal connections; thus, the activation of a small number of Vmes cells can exert spreading effects on a large number of Vmes cells to powerfully modulate jaw movements.