Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90835-6

Brain Research

Volume 239, Issue 1, 6 May 1982, Pages 81-105

https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90835-6 Get rights and content

Summary

Bilateral pontine tegmental lesions in cats release a state of paradoxical sleep (PS) without atonia that possesses all other electrographic criteria of PS. PS without atonia has been previously considered as a unitary phenomenon, but the present work demonstrates that different behavioral syndromes result from different lesion placements.

Five of 25 cats exhibited the minimal syndrome of increased proximal limb and head movements. The head was not raised; and coordinated behaviour was not seen. The nuchal electromyogram (EMG) showed tone for 25–100% of such an episode. Selective destruction of the origin(n= 2) or caudally projecting fibers (n= 1), of the tegmentoreticular pathway released this minimal syndrome of unorganized limb and head movements. This pathway had previously been proposed to mediate atonia, but the present work demonstrates that additional damage is necessary to release tone completely as well as the elaborate behaviors discussed below.

Eight cats raised their heads, righted their forequarters, and moved head, neck and forelimbs in movements resembling orienting, staring, reaching and attempting to stand. The lesions releasing such behavior were centered at P= 3.0, H= 2.0, V= −4.0, and damaged a region projecting to the superior colliculus. Two cats with slightly more ventral lesions did not exhibit the orienting behavior.

Six cats demonstrated violent phasic behavior resembling attack punctuating tonic periods of quiet staring or searching movements. Attack resulted from damage extending rostroventrally into the midbrain at P= 2.0, H= 2.5, V= −4.5 (4/6) or from unilateral damage to a lateral pathway arising in the central amygdalar nucleus (2/6).

In 4 cats, coordinated fore- and hindlimb activation resulted in locomotion during PS. Walking resulted from larger, more ventral lesions centered at P= 3.0., H= 2.0, V= −5.5.

Considering the anatomy of the lesions in relationship to brain stem systems known to play a role in orienting, attack and locomotion, we conclude that inhibitory systems were damaged by these lesions and that PS without atonia is not simply a state during which neural activity of normal PS can be expressed behaviorally.

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Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site

Summary

Brain Res. Bull.

Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol.

Exp. Neurol.

Brain Research

Brain Research

Exp. Neurol.

Brain Research

Brain Research

Exp. Neurol.

Neurosci. Lett.

Brain Research

Brain Research

Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol.

Predatory aggression: midbrain-pontine junction rather than hypothalamus as the critical structure?

Aggressive Behavior

The Brainstem of the Cat. A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas with Coordinates

Blockade and release of hypothalamically and naturally elicited aggressive behaviors in cats following midbrain lesions

J. comp. physiol. Psychol.

The motor functions of the reticular formation are multifaceted and state-determined

Autoradiographic studies of the projections of the midbrain reticular formation: descending projections of nucleus cuneiformis

J. comp. Neurol.

Sources of the subcortical projections to the superior colliculus in the cat

J. comp. Neurol.

Behavior and reflexes of chronic thalamic cats

Arch. ital. Biol.

Lesion momentum and behavior

Functional characteristics of cats with pontine lesions during sleep and wakefulness and their usefulness for sleep research

A re-evaluation of the effects of lesions on the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus on phenomena of paradoxical sleep in the cat

Acta neurobiol. exp.